The
Christian Right Part 1
The
advent of the Reagan administration marked a watershed moment for the
neoconservative movement, which had been building up its power for nearly a
decade. As Gilles Kepel explained, in The War for Muslim Minds, by the advent
of the Reagan administration in 1981, and through the “revolution” initiated by
Irving Kristol, Leo Strauss’ ideas for a militaristic defense of “democracy”
had become an integral part of establishment political philosophy.1
The Neoconservatives had,in effect,succeeded in redefining the basis of
classical American conservatism to align it with their own values, which
included not only an aggressive American foreign policy, but unconditional
support for Israel, and the promotion of neoliberaleconomicpoliciesTheirinfluenc.is
such that, as Ribuffo noted, “What Americans now call conservatism much of the
world calls liberalism or neoliberalism.”2
The supposed political alternatives of
conservatism and liberalism, despite their apparent opposition, are both used
to cultivate the acceptance of related ideals surreptitiously. Unlike socialism
or communism, conservatism hasn’t typically represented a well-articulated
economic philosophy. In 1973, British psychologist Glenn Wilson published an influential
book providing evidence that a general factor underlying conservative
beliefs is “fear of uncertainty.”3 Traditionally, conservatism has
been a reactionary ideology primarily concerned about stemming the troubling
consequences of revolution and, therefore, conserving the status quo or
traditional systems of authority. However, by cleverly aligning themselves with
the American Christian right, using the vocabulary of Christian “family values”
as the sugar coating to the poison pill, the neoconservatives have deluded
millions of unsuspecting Christians into associating conservatism with
neoliberal economics.
Conversely, the dogmatism and bigotry
that characterizes certain segments of the Christian Right has been used to
malign Christian values in general, and to substantiate the supposed
superiority of “liberal” values of “human rights” upheld by the left.
Therefore, Christians who recognize the relativism of “human rights” are duped
into justifying American imperialism and accepting neoliberalism as a natural component
of conservatism, despite its contrary basis to Christian charity, while
leftists, who see through the dishonesty of American foreign policy and the
injustices of neoliberalism, are duped into accepting relativistic “human
rights.”
It was the conservative
administrations of Thatcher and Reagan that truly heralded the advent of
neoliberal policies known in the US as Reaganomics, and brought forth an era of
unprecedented wealth accumulation in the hands of a very few. The Institute of
Economic Affairs (IEA), founded by Hayek protégé Antony Fisher of the Mont
Pelerin Society, experienced the height of its
influence during theMargaret right Thatcher and Reagan that truly heralded the advent of neoliberal policies known in the US as Reaganomics,
and brought forth an era of unprecedented wealth accumulation in the
hands of a very few. The Institute of
Economic Affairs (IEA), founded by
Hayek protégé Antony Fisher of the Mont Pelerin Society, experienced the height
of its influence
during the right-wing Tory
administration of Margaret Thatcher. In a strategy paper written in February
1985, Fisher wrote of the need to transform the “extremist” anti-government,
radical free market policies of the Mont Pelerin Society into the “new
orthodoxy” through the launching of hundreds of small think tanks on every
continent.4 Milton Friedman characterized the IEA’s intellectual
that, “the U-turn in British policy executed by Margaret Thatcher owes more to
him (i.e., Fisher) than any other individual.”5 Of seventy-six
economic advisers on Ronald Reagan’s 1980 campaign staff, twenty-two were from
Mont Pelerin, providing them the opportunity to push their neoliberal agenda.
As many of the world’s economies were suffering as a result of the Oil Crisis
and stagfation by the 1970s, Reagan and
Thatcher, were able to propose their
drastic reforms, breaking down trade barriers and reducing government power, to
supposedly revitalize their stagnant economies, thus ushering in the modern
rush of neoliberal policy implementations.
Funding for these foundations derives
from, among others, primarily Exxon Mobil, which then funds other foundations
or known CIA fronts who fund the many conservative organizations and think
tanks.6 Funding is therefore also supplied by a number of other Rockefeller-affiliated
foundations like the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, Sarah Scaife
Foundation and John M. Olin Foundation, who are also responsible for funding
the right-wing and Tavistock-connected Heritage Foundation and the American
Enterprise Institute (AEI).
AEI is the most prominent think tank
associated with American neoconservatism after Irving Kristol became a senior
fellow, arriving there from the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Created in 1943,
the stated mission AEI, which included Milton Friedman among its early
advisors, is an economic doctrine of neoliberalism: “to defend the principles
and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic
capitalism—limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and
responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political
accountability, and open debate.”7 Ronald Reagan said of the AEI in
1988: “The American Enterprise Institute stands at the center of a revolution
in ideas of which I, too, have been a part. AEI’s remarkably distinguished body
of work is testimony to the triumph of the think tank. For today the most
important American scholarship comes out of
our think tanks
— and none
has bee Enterprise Institute.”8
More than twenty AEI scholars and fellows served either in a Bush
administration policy post or on one of the government’s many panels and
commissions. Among the prominent former government officials affiliated with AEI
are also high profile and notorious neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz, Richard
Perle and Michael Ledeen.
.
For
nearly four decades, conservative foundations like the Bradley, the Olin and
other foundations have mounted a concerted campaign to reshape politics and
public policy according to neoliberal princi and bigotry. These organizations
pursue an agenda based on industrial and environmental deregulation, the
privatization of government services, deep reductions in federal anti-poverty
spending and the transfer of authority and responsibility for social welfare
from the national government to the charitable sector and state and local
government. Three books in particular, written by Bradley-funded writers played
key roles in this effort: Wealth and Poverty by George Guilder; Losing
Ground by Charles Murray and Beyond Entitlement by Lawrence M. Mead.
In Losing Ground, Murray argued that poverty is the result not of
economic conditions or injustices, but of individual failings, maintaining that
most government-sponsored anti-poverty programs were ill-conceived and should
be eliminated. Murray teamed up with the late Harvard psychologist Richard
Hernstein to write the book The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class
Structure in American Life, which argued that poverty is the result not of
social conditions or policies, but of the inferior genetic traits of a
sub-class of human beings It relied
heavily on research financed by the
Pioneer Fund, a Neo-Nazi organization that promoted eugenics research. 9
These foundations also form the nexus
of the Christian Right, which was cultivated by the combination to gain support
for their of neoliberal and imperialistic objectives, following Strauss’
doctrine of using religion as a Noble Lie. According to Shadia Drury, “Secular
society in their view is the worst possible thing,’’ because it leads to
individualism, liberalism, and relativism, precisely those traits that may
promote dissent that in turn could dangerously weaken society’s ability to cope
with external threats.10 Therefore, as Adam Curtis explained in his BBC
documentary The Power of Nightmares, many neoconservatives had been
advisers to Reagan’s Presidential campaign, and as they became more deeply
involved with the Republican Party, they forged an alliance with the religious
wing of the party. Until the late 1970s, the millions of fundamentalist
Christians in the United States had been instructed by their preachers not to
vote, as it would mean compromising with a corrupt and immoral society. But the
neoconservatives and their new Republican allies made an alliance with a number
of advised their followers to become involved with politics.
The birth of the Christian Right is
usually traced to a 1979 meeting where televangelist Jerry Falwell was urged to
create a “Moral Majority” organization. Falwell founded the Moral Majority
along with Paul Weyrich who had also founded the Heritage Foundation in 1973,
with funding from brewery magnate Joseph Coors of the Coors beer empire and
Richard Scaife, heir of the Carnegie-Mellon fortune. As Paul Weyrich explained:
The conservative movement, up to that point,
was essentially an intellectual movement. It had some very powerful thinkers,
but it didn’t have many troops. And as Stalin said of the Pope, “where are his
divisions?” Well, we didn’t have many divisions. When these folks
became active, all of a sudden the
conservative movement had lots of divisions. We were able to move literally
millions of people. And this is something that we had literally no ability to
do prior to that time.11
By pointing to the excesses and real
intolerance of the “political correctness,” the neoconservatives have managed
to mobilize the Christian Right by appealing to genuine Christian principles.
Led by Robert Grant’s advocacy group Christian Voice, Jerry Falwell’s Moral
Majority, Ed McAteer’s Religious Roundtable Council, James Dobson’s Focus on
the Family, and Pat Robertson’s Christian Broadcasting Network, the new
Christian Right combined neoconservative politics with evangelical and
fundamentalist teachings.12 They are especially amenable to
neoconservative objectives for their interpretation of the role of Israel
during the end times, an interpretation known as Christian Zionism. As
explained by Ian Buruma, in a New York Times article “How to Talk About
Israel”:
Indeed, Israel enjoys a zealous following
among some gentiles, particularly Christian fundamentalists. (In electoral
terms, Christian fundamentalists are more important to the Republican Party
than Jews — there are many more of them, the Christian Coalition is highly and most Jews still vote for the Democrats
anyway.)Even though Israel is often described as the only democracy in the
Middle East, the Christian right’s remarkable devotion to Israel is not
necessarily driven by democratic principles. The ‘’Christian Zionists’’ are
convinced by a literal reading of the Bible that Christ will reappear only once
the Jews have repossessed the Holy Land. Their other conviction, that Jews will
either die in an apocalypse or be converted to Christianity, is not so reassuring.13
But the Christian Right is also used
to further neoliberal principles. Following Margaret Thatcher’s victory, Mont
Pelerin launched an ambitious overhaul of Heritage, importing several British
economists from Mont Pelerin in anticipation of the 1980 Presidential run by
Ronald Reagan. In 1981, the Heritage Foundation published a comprehensive
report aimed at reducing the size of the federal government called “Mandate for
Leadership” that proved to be the intellectual blueprint for the so-called
“Reagan Revolution.”14 The report was well received by the White
House, and several of its authors went on to take positions in the Reagan
administration.15 As a result, proximately 60% of the 2,000
proposals were implemented or initiated by the end of Reagan’s fi year in offi
ce. Heritage also advoca missile defense system, which Reagan adopted as his
top defense priority in 1983, calling it the Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI), popularly known as “Star Wars.” By the mid-80s, Heritage had emerged as
a key organization in the national conservative movement, publishing
influential reports on domestic and defense issues, as well as pieces by
prominent conservatives, such as Bob Dole and Pat Robertson. In 1986, Time
called Heritage “the foremost of the new breed of advocacy tanks.”16
William
Greider’s bestseller, Who Will Tell the People: The Betrayal of American
Democracy revealed: “Not withstanding its role as ‘populist’ spokesman,
Weyrich’s organization, for instance, has received grants from Amoco,
General Motors, Chase Manhattan Bank [David Rockefeller] and right-wing
foundations like Olin and Bradley.”17 Joseph Coors was a member of
Ronald Reagan’s “Kitchen Cabinet,” helpingReagan’spolitical careerfi
asnancegovernorof California and US president.18 Coors was also a
generous supporter of the Moral Majority. Weyrich and Coors also founded the
Free Congress Foundation, the political arm of Heritage Foundation. The FCF
adopts the Neoconservatives’ critique of liberalism, but compliments it with a
white -supremacist tone. According to the FCF website, America is on the verge
of a second American Revolution:
…what people are thinking but are often afraid
to say: that the cultural Marxism of Political Correctness is destroying our
country, that “multicultural” nations break apart in civil war, and that
uncontrolled immigration and rising crime are turning America into a Third
World nation. They ask the “forbidden” questions: is real reform still possible,
or will a new Revolution be necessary to restore America’s traditional— and
very successful—culture? Is the United States Government still a legitimate
government? Is “racism” the real problem or do cries of racism arise as a
result of bad behavior by minority groups?19
The
Heritage Foundation’s fascist orientation is divulged through its ties to
neo-Nazis and the American farChristianity-righ disguises a white-supremacist
orientation connected to the Christian Identity movement. Christian Identity,
which traces its origins to British-Israelism, and is based on the pre- Adamite
hypothesis first proposed by La Peyrère,
Menasseh ben Israel’s, co-conspirator, offers a racist interpretation
of Christianity where in some cases non-whites are regarded to not have souls.20
During the Enlightenment, pre-Adamism was adopted widely as a challenge to the
biblical account of human origin, whereas in the nineteenth century the idea
was adopted by advocates of white superiority. According to them, the pre-Adamites
were a race of inferior bestial creatures that pre-dated the creation of Adam.
Satan supposedly seduced Eve resulting in an offspring who was a hybrid
creature called Cain. Later Cain flees to East Turkestan to establish colony of followers intent on
realizing the Devil’s plan for domination of the earth. Further
elaboration of the Jews with the cursed Canaanites, the
purported descendants of Cain. It followed that, if the tribes of Judah were
supposed to have intermarried with Cain’s descendants, then the Jews were the
offspring of Satan as well as various nonwhite pre-Adamic races.21
The idea that the mark of Cain’s curse was
his blackness arose in eighteenth century Europe, but also became popular in
nineteenth century America.22 In nineteenth century Europe
polygenism and pre-Adamism were attractive to those intent on demonstrating the
inferiority of non-Western peoples, while in the United States they appealed to
those concerned with racial theories. Scientists such as Charles Caldwell,
Josiah C. Nott and Samuel G. Morton, rejected the view that non-whites were the
descendants of Adam. Paschal Beverly Randolph, under the name of Griffin Lee, wrote
Pre Adamite Man in 1863,
claiming that preAdamite men existed on all continents around the globe
35,000 years to 100,000 years ago. The book was dedicated, with permission, to
Abraham Lincoln. Randolph’s book was a unique contribution towards pre-Adamism
because it wasn’t strictly based on biblical grounds, but used a wide range of
sources from many different world traditions, esoterica and ancient religions.
A key component in these theories is
British Israelism, whi in Britain during the nineteenth century, before being
imported to the United States. It teaches that many white Europeans are the
descendants of the Lost Tribes of Israel and God’s Chosen People, whereas
modern Jews are Khazars and impostors.23 By the 1960s, when
Christian Identity was established as an
important influence on the extreme right, the Khazar ancestry of the Jews was
firmly believed. Two books came to exercise a strong influence: John Beaty’s Iron Curtain over America (1951) and Wilmot
Robertson’s Dispossessed Majority (1972).
Through
its links with the Patriot Movement, Christian Identity and the Christian Right
feed on various conspiracy theories that aim to justify their rabid fears of
“godless communism.” The Christian Patriot Movement originally referred to the
late 1980s’ Posse Comitatus group, a militant far-right organization which
inspired the militia movement of paramilitary groups in the United States. The
group is named after legislation southern Democrats pushed through Congress in
1878, to limit the ability of the federal government to marshal troops on US
soil. Known as Posse Comitatus, the law’s authors hoped to constrain the
government’s ability to protect Black southerners from violence and
discrimination.24 Posse Comitatus charters were issued in 1969 in
Portland, Oregon, by Henry Lamont Beach, a one-time member of the Silver
Shirts, the Neo-Nazi organization of William Dudley Pelley.
Posse Comitatus followed an ideology
based on the teachings of its founder, Christian Identity minister William
Potter Gale. Gale, a former senior officer on General Douglas MacArthur’ Jewish
conspiracy disguised as commun the courts, undermining the United States and
wrecking its divinely inspired Constitution. Jews, explained Gale, were
offspring of the devil, while non-whites were “mud people” and whites were the
real Hebrews of the Bible. “Arise andGalepreachedfi inght!”aninfamous sermon
broadcast to Kansas farmers in 1982. “If a Jew comes near you, run a sword
through him,” he summoned them. But, it turns out that Gale was descended on
his father’s side from a long line of devout Jews, as explained Daniel Levitas.25
Some date the Patriot Movement back to the
1950s. The reformist wing of the movement is considered to have begun in 1958
with the formation of the John Birch Society (JBS) and opposition to communism,
the United Nations and the civil rights movement. It was the JBS, founded by
Robert W. Welch Jr. in 1958, that published Cleon Skousen’s The Naked
Communist. Skousen served sixteen years in the FBI, but lied that for four
of them he was an “Administrative Assistant to J. Edgar Hoover during World War
II, a top assignment.” Hoover denied such a position even existed within the
FBI.26 In 1956, Skousen
became Chief of
Police Mayor J. Bracken Lee in 1960 who described him as “a very
dangerous man because he preaches one thing, practices another, does not tell
the truth, and cannot be relied upon.”27 Nevertheless, the January
1968 issue of the John Birch Society Bulletin, described Skousen
as “for many years a top aide to J. Edgar Hoover.” The JBS continues to
claim that in that capacity, “Skousen became knowledgeable about the subversive
communist threat, knowledge that led him to publish The Naked Communist
in 1958.”28 The FBI, which was repeatedly required to corroborate
Skousen’s claims, noted in a memo:
The activities of Skousen are well known to
the Bureau… In recent years he has been aligned closely with the extreme
right-wing such as the John Birch Society and has been characterized as an
‘unprincipled racketeer in anticommunism’ who is ‘money mad’ and who is doing
everything and anything to exploit the subject of anticommunism.29
The John Birch Society also published None
Dare Call it a Conspiracy, the work of its spokesman Gary Allen, which
discussed the Rothschilds, Warburgs, the Federal Reserve banking system and the
Council on Foreign Relations, and which is said to have sold fi ve to Allen’s
book was written by another member of the John Birch Society, John G. Schmitz
who was regarded as the third most conservative member of Congress between 1937
and 2002. Schmitz’s political career came to an end in 1982, after he admitted
that he had engaged in an extra-marital affair and fathered two children with
one of his former college students. Schmitz did not support or seek custody of
his children by his lover Carla Stuckle. When she died in 1994, the children
were placed in the care of a close friend of Schmitz’s wife, Jeane Dixon, who
was one of the best-known American astrologers and psychics of the twentieth
century. One of Schmitz’s daughters with his wife Mary was Mary Kay Letourneau
who became the subject of much notoriety in the 1990s, when she engaged in a
sexual relationship with one of her 12-year-old male students. Two of Schmitz’s
other children, sons John and Joseph, have held prominent posts in Republican
presidential administrations. His son Joseph
Schmitz has also
worked for Blackwater USA.
Gary Allen was also the speechwriter
for George Wallace during the Alabama Governor’s Presidential campaigns. George
Corley Wallace Jr. was an American politician and the 45th governor of Alabama,
having served four non-consecutive terms between 1963 and 1987. After four
unsuccessful runs for US president, he earned the ti century American politics.
He is remembered for his support for segregation during the desegregation
period. He complained: “The President (John F. Kennedy) wants us to surrender
this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have
instituted these demonstrations.”30
Wallace’s anti-desegregation campaign galvanized much of the far-right
and white supremacist groups. A memo in the FBI fi le of Eu Mullins, well-known
author of Secrets of the Federal Reserve and member of Madole’s National
Renaissance Party, discusses an article he wrote which was published in Conde
McGinley’s Common Sense, that developed the theme “that the Supreme
Court decision outlawing segregation in schools is the culmination of a Communist
International directive to the CPUSA to use the Negro racial issue and the
issue of civil rights as a method to weaken America.” Mullins lied, claiming
the document: FBI today but the Director“is in t is under strict orders not to
reveal (it) at any cost because it would brand the Supreme Court as a front or
agent of the Communist International.”31 No such document was ever
found.
In Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing
Movements and Political Power in the United States,sociologist Sara
Diamond noted that to reduce the cost of producing and distributing
anti-Communist mater
organizations such as the JBS.32 According to Eustace Mullins, who
claims that he was told personally by one of its founders, Revilo Oliver, whom
heregarded as a “good friend,” the JBS was created by Nelson Rockefeller
whoappointed Robert C. Welch, a 32nd degree Mason, to found and run the organization.33
Ultimately, the JBS castigates the Illuminati, who they claim infiltrated
Freemasons, an otherwise noble and truly patriotic organization. The
organization qualified their publication of
the John Robison’s Proof of a Conspiracy, exposing the Illuminati, and originally published in 1789,
with:
Let it be stressed that the present
publication of Robison’s work is not intended to open old wounds or create new
animosity or distrust toward Freemasonry, whose adherents today certainly
number among our staunchest patriots and anti-Communists… The conspirators have
long since discarded Freemasonry as their vehicle. If clever conspirators could
use—of all groups—so fine a group as the Masons, we must open our minds to
consider what infinite possibilities are
available to them in our own present
day society. Their main habitat these days seems to be the great subsidized universities, tax-free
foundations, mass media communications,
governmental bureaus such as the State Department, and a myriad of private organizations such as
the Council on Foreign Relations…34
Revilo Oliver left JBS, which he
called “the Birch hoax,” to express a more anti-Semitic worldview, and
eventually to assist William Luther Pierce in forming the National Alliance. William
Pierce fit within influence Aryan Nations, of founded by another ex-Silver
Shirt, Richard Butler, and which also included such notorious far-right leaders
as ex-Texas Grand Dragon Louis Beam and White Aryan Resistance founder Tom
Metzger. Aryan Nations is a “white Christian separatist” religious organization
originally based in Hayden Lake, Idaho, founded by Richard Girnt Butler in the
1970s as an arm of the Christian Identity organization, Church of Jesus
Christ–Christian Aryan Nations’ ideology.The is based on the teachings of Wesley Swift,
a significant figure in the early Christian Identity
movement, who combined British Israelism, extreme anti-Semitism and political militancy.
The FBI has called Aryan Nations a “terrorist threat” and the RAND Corporation has labeled it the “first truly nation wide terrorist network”
in the US. 35 These religious
and political circles overlapped with the neo- Nazi movement when senior
Identity figures collaborated with
Lincoln Rockwell to launch the
National States Rights Party in 1958. Butler himself introduced Rockwell to
Christian Identity in the early 1960s. In June 1964, Rockwell met with Wesley Swift to discuss a close working
relationship, motivated by Rockwell’s
view that the American
Nazi Party needed a pseudo-Christian theology to attract more members.
Aryan Nations, explains
Goodrick-Clarke, “became the theological
college from which the most violent racist radicals would graduate.” 36
In 1983, Robert Jay Mathews, who had
visited the Aryan Nations compound
many times, formed The Order along with
other Aryan Nations members. The Order, whose mission was to bring about a
race war, committed a number of violent
crimes including murder between 1983 and 1984. Dennis McGiffen, who also had ties to Aryan Nations, formed a cell called The New
Order based on Mathews’ group. However,
members were arrested before they could follow
through with their violent plans. Buford O. Furrow Jr., who was accused
of a shooting at the Jewish Community
Center in Los Angeles, California and of
the murder of Filipino American postal worker Joseph Ileto, had spent
some time at the Aryan Nations compound working as a security
guard.
According to a 1976 investigation by the New York Assembly’s Office of Legislative Oversight,
John Birch Society member John Rees’ Information Digest was supplying
information to the FBI, CIA, and the National Security Agency ( NSA).37 Roy Cohn, who was legal
counsel to Sen. Joseph McCarthy during the anti-Communist Senate
investigations of the 1950s, later became a member of the John Birch Society ( JBS). Cohn also became principle figure in its intelligence
gathering operation, the Western Goals
Foundation. Like the Safari Club
created with the Saudis,
Western Goals was set up to side-step restrictions imposed after the
Watergate and COINTELPRO revelations.
As a consequence, intelligence files passed into the hands of “retired”
officers and their most trusted operatives. Many of these officers, like John
Rees and Congressman Larry McDonald, were members of the World Anti-Communist League ( WACL), the John Birch Society and similar organizations,
and joined Major General John K.
Singlaub in forming the Western
Goals Foundation in 1979. Western Goals
acquired a reputation of acting as a “clearinghouse” for some police
departments whose intelligence-collecting functions were restricted by laws
such as the Freedom of Information Act. 38
According to Western Goals, the group’s objective was to “rebuild
and strengthen the political, economic,
and social structure of the US and Western
Civilization so as to make any merger with the totalitarian world
impossible.” 39 As part of this effort, the group was formed in
order to
“fill the critical gap caused by the crippling of the FBI, the disabling
of the House Un-American Activitie Committee ( HUAC) and the destruction of
crucial government files.”40 According to reporters Jon Lee Anderson
and Scott Anderson, groups like Western
Goals allow “the ultra-right [to keep] tabs on its ‘subversive’ domestic opposition…” 41 McDonald
kept official files in his office, described by one
staff member as “HUAC
in exile.” These files, which had
been ordered destroyed under Privacy Act provisions, were supposedly
transferred by McDonald to Western Goals.42
Western Goals was also associated to Reinhard Gehlen, with whom they shared a connection
with the Order of the Knights of Malta ( SMOM). Instrumental in obtaining Rees’
entrance to Western Goals was J. Peter Grace, who was also chairman of the
Knights of Malta in the United States,
as well as belonging to the CFR, and key
figure in Operation Paperclip.43
Grace’s company, W. R. Grace & Company, stands out as the center of
the SMOM in the United States, where no less than eight
knights, including the chancellor of
the order, John D. J. Moore, who was
ambassador to Ireland under Nixon
and Ford, have been its directors. 44
W. R. Grace was founded by Peter’s grandfather,
William Grace, who was a close associate of George de Mohrenschildt, who has been suspected of
involvement in the JFK assassination. After the end of World War II, de Mohrenschildt moved to
Venezuela where he worked for Pantepec Oil, a company with abundant connections
with the newly created CIA, and owned by
the family of SMOM and Skull and Bones member,
William F. Buckley.
In
1951, when the CIA smuggled Klaus Barbie out of Germany, he was sent to
Bolivia to join Nazi Colonel Brite, which W. R. Grace had been accused in a
military report of protecting during the war. J. Peter Grace assisted Otto Ambros,
who held a supervisory role in the construction of IG Farben’s plant at
Auschwitz, in his bid to enter the US, after his sentence for slavery and mass murder
was commented by American recruiters from Operation Paperclip. J. Peter Grace was also connected to the son of
Frederick Flick, a Nuremberg defendant as an accessory to the crimes of the SS,
released by John J. McCloy.
Grace has a long history of involvement with CIA-linked enterprises, such as Radio Liberty and Radio
Free Europe, which was the brainchild of General Reinhard Gehlen. He is also the board chairman of the
American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD), whose graduates were
active in covert operations that led to the military coup in Brazil in 1964.
During the early 1970s, the Grace representative in Washington was a member
of ITT’s Ad Hoc Committee on Chile, which was instrumental in the
overthrow of Allende, and AIFLD’s
National Workers’ Confederation served as the chief labor mouthpiece for
the Pinochet junta. 45
Western Goals was finally
wound up in 1986 when the Tower Commission revealed it had been part of
the Iran-Contra funding network. Oliver North identified Western Goals founder John Singlaub as his liaison to the White House.
Singlaub had served as an officer in the
OSS during World War II, and then
became CIA deputy chief in South Korea
during the Korean War. He served for two years in Vietnam during the 1960s, and
was commander of the Joint
Unconventional Warfare Task Force, known as MACSOG. In that role, he was one of
the commanders of the CIA’s Operation Phoenix which was designed to identify
and “neutralize” key assets of the Viet Cong. In 1984, he headed a Pentagon
panel to make recommendations on conducting military activities in Central
America through nonconventional, counterinsurgency warfare strategies. Under
the Reagan administration, he received assistance from White House and National
Security Council (NS supply activities.46
Singlaub, along with John Birch society members like Cleon Skousen and
J. Peter Grace were also members of the Council for National Policy (CNP).
Another member of the CNP is John Stormer, whose None Dare Call It Treason,
which is promoted by the John Birch
Society,Councilon id Foreign Relations as a pro-Communist and a
Rockefeller-funded organization aimed at undermining American society. The CNP
was therefore ostensibly formed to counter the CFR and the so- called liberal
agenda. However, researchers revealed that the early leadership of the CNP was,
on the contrary, also represented in the CFR.47 The CNP is an
umbrella organization and networking group for American conservative activists.
It was described by The New York Times as a “little-known group
of a few hundred of the most powerful conservatives in the country,” who
meet three times yearly behind closed doors at
undisclosed locations48Max
Blumenthal for in the Nation referred to it a secretive organization
that “networks wealthy right-wing donors together with top conservative
operatives to plan long-term movement strategy.”49 Among CNP’s
founding members were: Tim LaHaye, then the head of the Moral Majority, Nelson
Bunker Hunt, one of the chief sponsors of Western Goals Foundation, and Joseph
Coors and Paul Weyrich. Members of the CNP have also included Rev. Pat
Robertson, Jerry Falwell, Senator Trent Lott, former United States Attorneys
General Ed Meese and John Ashcroft, gun-rights activist Larry Pratt, Col.
Oliver North, and philanthropist Else Prince, mother of Erik Prince, the
founder of Blackwater USA.
CNP members have supported legislation
proposed by the Church of Scientology, and John Singlaub is also a member of
the national policy board of the American Freedom Coalition, a political
organization with extensiveties to the Unification Church.
Also known Korean religious
leader and self-professed “messiah” Rev. Sun Myung Moon, who also founded the
conservative Washington Times newspaper, and are aligned with various
other groups supported by Moon such as CAUSA International.50 CNP
also has membership links to the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), an
international anti-communist political organization founded in 1966 in Taipei,
under the initiative of Chiang Kai-shek, with the aim of opposing communism
around the world through “unconventional” methods. The US chapter of WACL, the
United States Council for World Freedom (USCWF), was founded in 1981 by
Singlaub. It has been alleged but not proven that the League had close ties
with the governments of Taiwan under Kuomintang rule, and to a lesser extent
South Korea. Numerous groups participated, including Moon’s Unifi cation
Church. Its core acti material aid to right-wing organizations and
anti-communist militias around the globe. By the mid -1980s, WACL had become
the leading non-governmental supplier of arms to anti-communist rebel movements
in southern Africa, Central America, Afghanistan and the Far East. The WACL
also enjoyed support from both the Carter and Reagan administrations in the
United States, particularly with regard to its backing of right-wing
paramilitary death squads in Latin America, like Nicaraguan guerrillas in the
Iran-Contra affair.51 Joseph Coors privately donated $65,000 through
National Security Council adviser Oliver North to buy a light cargo plane for
the Contras’ effort.52
In 1978, Roger Pearson, who had close
neo Nazi associations, became the World Chairman of the WACL. When Joseph Coors
established the Heritage Foundation, he had chosen Pearson, an outspoken
anti-Semite and pro -Nazi, as co-editor of the Heritage Foundation publication Policy
Review. Pearson was also elected to head University Professors for Academic
Order (UPAO), composed of members of the Heritage Foundation, the Reagan
Administration and the Mont Pelerin Society, including Milton Friedman and
Friedrich von Hayek.53
In the late 1950s, Pearson founded the
Northern League, an organization promoting anti-Semitism and neo-Nazi
ideologies that included former Nazis. Pearson served the British Army in the
Indian subcontinent, and later directed various British-controlled companies in
East Pakistan. It was during his time in South Asia that he became interested
in Aryanism and the Indo-Aryan populations of the Subcontinent. Pearson also
founded the academic Journal of Indo-European Studies. His books,
including Eugenics and Race, Blood Groups and Race, Race &
Civilisation and Early Civilizations of the Nordic Peoples were distributed
in the US by Rockwell’s American Nazi Party. As well, Pearson was a member
of the
Eugenics Society, and an
important figure on the racist journal,
Mankind impor Quarterly. Von
Verschuer, Josef Mengele’s co-researcher at Auschwitz, was on the editorial
advisory board of the journal before his death in 1970.54 When
Pearson was elected World Chairman of the WACL in 1978, according to William
H.Tucker, he “used this opportunity
to fillthe WACL with European Nazis—ex officials of the Third Reich
and Nazi collaborators from other
countries during the war as well as new
adherents to the cause, —in what one
journalist called ‘one of the greatest fascist blocs in postwar Europe’.”55
But Pearson was forced to leave Heritage after the Washington Post
exposed the racist and fascist orientation of the WACL. But Pearson’s
connection with other organizations continued, and as late as 1986 Covert
Action criticized his continued association with James Jesus Angleton,
General Robert C. Richardson and other American Security Council members.56
CFR
member Jesse Helms was also CNPa. key fi Jesse Helms (1921-2008) was a five-
term Republican United States Senator from North Carolina who served as
chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1995 to 2001. A leading
conservative, Helms helped organize and fund the conservative resurgence in the
1970s, aiding Ronald Reagan’s quest for the White House. The Almanac of
American Politics once wrote that “no American politician is more
controversial, beloved in some quarters and hated in others, than Jesse Helms.”57
He believed, writing in When Free Men Shall Stand, that “such
utopian slogans as Peace with Honor, Minimum Wage, Racial Equality,
Women’s Liberation, National Health Insurance, Civil Liberty” are ploys by
which to divide humanity “as sons of God.”58 Helms was regarded as a
“master obstructionist,” being proud of his nickname, “Senator No.” He opposed,
at various times, civil rights, disability rights, feminism, gay rights,
affirmative action, abortion and support for
“gay-oriented artwork of photographer Robert Mapplethorpe.” A 33º Mason, Helms
was also a Grand Orator of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons in North Carolina.59
He played a leading role in the development of the Christian right, and was a
founding member of the Moral Majority in 1979. Helms was close to fellow North
Carolinian Billy Graham, as well as Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell, whose
Liberty University dedicated its Jesse Helms School of Government to him.
Helms’ top aide, attorney Tom Ellis,
who would later be instrumental in Ronald Reagan’s 1976 campaign and also
become the chair of the National Congressional Club, succeeded Tim LaHaye in
1982 as president of the CNP. Ellis was former director of the Pioneer Fund, a
foundation established in 1937 “to advance the scientifi c study has also been
criticized for its ties to eugenics. The Pioneer Fund has been an important
source of funding for research on the partly genetic hypothesis of IQ variation
among races. The 1994 publication of The Bell Curve drew heavily from
Pioneer-funded research. Recipients of Pioneer grants have included William
Shockley, Arthur Jensen and Roger Pearson, who has written that “inferior
races” should be “exterminated.”60 At the Institute for the Study of
Man, Roger Pearson received over a million dollars in grants in the 80s and 90s
from the Pioneer Fund. Going by the pen-name of Stephan Langton, Pearson was
editor of The New Patriot, published in 1966–67 t penetrating inquiry
into every aspect of the Jewish Question,” which included articles such as
“Zionists and the Plot Against South Africa,” “Early Jews and the Rise of
Jewish Money Power,” and “Swindlers of the Crematoria.”61
When
Pearson established himself in the United States, he had worked together with
Willis Carto in contributing to publications of white supremacist and
anti-Semitic literature, such as Western Destiny and Noontide Press.
Carto, a longtime figure on the American far-right through the Liberty Lobby
and successor organizations which he helped create. The Liberty Lobby, which
was active in the 1950s, is regarded as the source of an insurgent wing of the
Patriot Movement through its promotion of themes of White supremacy and anti-
Semitism. While in passports, Francis Parker Yockey was visited by Carto who
eventually became the chief advocate and publisher of his ideas. Carto also
belonged at one time to the John Birch Society.62 When Revilo Oliver
left the JBS, he became editorial advisor for Carto’s Institute for Historical
Review. Carto ran a group called Youth for George Wallace to aid the third
party presidential campaign of George Wallace in 1968. When the campaign
failed, he converted what remained of the organization into the National Youth
Alliance. As National Chairman for this group, Carto was successful in
recruiting Dr. William Pierce, who after Rockwell’s death, reorganized it into
the American neo-Nazi group, the National Alliance in 1974, of which Pierce
became the leader.
In 1978, Carto founded the Institute
for Historical Review (IHR) as an organization dedicated to publicly
challenging the commonly accepted history of the Holocaust. Sharing in Carto’s
denial was Frank Collin. Due to a disagreement over Koehl’s successorship of
the American Nazi Party (ANP), following Rockwell’s assassination, some members
chose to support William Luther Pierce, eventually forming the National
Alliance, while Frank Collin created the National Socialist Party of America
(NSPA). In 1977, Colin’s NSPA created national controversy when it announced
plans to march through the Chicago suburb of Skokie, Illinois, where there was
the largest Jewish population per-capita in the United States, among whom were
many Holocaust survivors. It prompted a landmark legal battle where the NSPA
won the right to exercise their “freedom of speech” and to march in their Nazi
military uniforms, but without their swastika armbands. However, Collin’s
downfall came when it was discovered that his father Max Simon Collin was a Jew
whose original surname had been “Cohen.” Max Cohen claimed to have been a
prisoner at Dachau concentration camp, where Frank was said to have been
conceived. Frank Collin was also convicted of child molestation in 1979,
serving only three years of a seven-year sentence. After his release, Collin
re-emerged as “Frank Joseph.” In 1987 he had a book published, The
Destruction of Atlantis: Compelling Evidence of the Sudden Fall of the
Legendary Civilization. “Frank Joseph” is now a self-described neo-pagan
and edits The Ancient American magazine.
Frank Collin was not a unique case. As
Daniel Levitas remarked in “Exploring What is Behind the Rare Phenomenon of
Jewish Anti -Semites,” for Intelligence Report, “Some of the most
zealous anti-Semites on the American white supremacist scene have turned out to
have direct family links to the religion and the people they have devoted their
lives to hating.”63 The KKK was founded, as already mentioned, by
Dr. Kuttner Baruch, grandfather of Bernard Baruch, and Judah P. Benjamin, of
the B’nai B’rith and the Order of Zion. Daniel Burros, whoLincoln
Rockwell,firstwas linke the New York State organizer for Robert Shelton’s
United Klans of America (UKA), the most notorious Klan group of the period. A
front-page article in The New York Times in 1965 exposed his Jewish
roots and Burros shot himself. In the 1980s, Jordan Gollub managed to
rise to the post of Mississippi state leader of the Christian Knights of the Ku
Klux Klan, until it was discovered he was Jewish, after which he created an
offshoot, called the Royal Confederate Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Another
case is Bill White of the American National Socialist Workers’ Party, which
could boast of a total of 6 members, but came to public attention in 1996 in a
frontpage article in The Washington Post. David Wolfgang Hawke, born
Andrew Britt Greenbaum, created the Knights of Freedom, later renamed
American Nationalist Party, to make the
“fi nal solution a rea
“spam Nazi,” earning an estimated $600,000 for spamming ads for penis
enlargement pills, before being sued by AOL.64 Hawke told his
supporters, who called him “the chosen one”:
We must all carry with us in our hearts this
knowledge, that the dreams of Adolf Hitler have not faded away, but are just as
alive today as they were years ago! The German army w the ideals of Adolf
Hitler live on in the hearts and souls of those who now carry the torch of the
Aryan peoples.65
The repeated occurrence of Jews posing
as neo-Nazis should not be taken as haphazard. Their persistence would suggest
they are not acting alone. We must reasonably assume that they are in the
service of some agency, perhaps the Mossad, for the purpose of maintaining the
impression of an enduring anti-Semitic threat, to justify the US government’s
continued support for Israel. The
media attention garnered
by these misfits is typically disproportionally higher than their place
in the white supremacist community itself. Their antics are obviously staged
and absurdly exaggerated spoofs of neo-Nazism.
We may therefore also assume that the
Anti-Defamation League (ADL), which was originally founded in October 1913 by
the B’nai B’rith, must also be complicit in bringing these impostors to public
attention. In fact, as demonstrated by Yoav Shamir in True Stories:
Defamation, a 2010 documentary aired by Channel 4, the ADL tends to
exaggerate or even fabricate the threat of anti-Semitism, with the purpose of
generating support for Israel.66 Noam Chomsky has characterized the
ADL as having become solely an advocate for Israeli policy, and in 2005 Norman
G. Finkelstein published Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of
Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History, which argues that the specter of a
“new anti-Semitism” has been invented by supporters of Israel to brand any
serious criticisms of Israel’s human rights abuses as anti-Semitism.
Foxman, the ADL’s head since 1987, has a
very close relationship with the Israeli government, and is sought after by
Washington and governments and political leaders around the world. To Yoav
Shamir he explained his power and influence
as exploiting anti-Semitism
.Jews, explains, “are not as powerful as
Jews think we are, nor as powerful as our enemies think we are.
Somewheres [sic] in between. They do believe we can make a difference in
Washington, and we are not going to convince them otherwise.” Foxman asks, “How
do you fi ght Jewsthiswithout conspiratousingit?”Yoav Shamir interprets
Foxman’s explanation to mean, “It’s like a poker game, in which Foxman bluffs
the other side into thinking the Jews have mor and power in Washington than
they really have. The downside is, that the idea of Jews being so powerful can
result in envy, even hate.”67
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