The Events of the Year 4
IJ7
With him there were a group of Emigrants and
Ansar, including Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'All and Usayd b. Hudayr.
According to Ibn Humayd — Salamah — Muhammad b. Ishaq:
The Messenger of God went out to the Banu al-Nadir to ask for
their help in the payment of the blood-money for those two men
of the Banu 'Amir whom 'Amr b. Umayyah al-Damri had killed.
This was because he had entered into an obligation to protect
them, as I have been told by Yazid b. Ruman. The Banu al-Nadir
and the Banu 'Amir were joined by a treaty and a compact, and
when the Messenger of God came to them to ask for their help in
the payment of the blood-money for those two men, they said,
"Yes, Abu al-Qasim, 1M we will give you the help which you
want
and which you have asked from us." Then they spoke privately
with one another, and said, "You will never find this man in
such
a situation again." The Messenger of God was sitting by the
wall
of one of their houses, and they said, "Who will go on the
roof of
this house and drop a stone on him and kill him, and so relieve us
of him?" 'Amr b. Jihash b. Ka'b, who was one of them, came
forward
to do this, and said, "I am your man." Then he went up
to
the roof to drop the stone on him as arranged. The Messenger of
God was with a number of his companions, including Abu Bakr,
'Umar, and 'All, and news of what the people intended came to
him from Heaven. He got up and said to his companions, "Do
not
leave until I come to you." He went back to Medina, and when
his companions thought that he had been gone a long time they
got up to look for him. Then they met a man coming from Medina
and asked him about the Messenger of God. He said, "I saw
him going into Medina." When his companions came to him, the
Messenger of God told them the story of the treachery intended
by the Jews and ordered them to get ready to fight them and
march against them. He then led his men against the Banu al-
Nadir and halted in their quarter. They fortified themselves
against him in their strongholds, but he ordered the date-palms to
be cut down and set fire to. They shouted, "Muhammad, you
have forbidden damage to property and have blamed those who
perpetrated it: what is the idea of cutting down date-palms and
setting fire to them?"
224. The kunyah of Muhammad; al-Qasim was the eldest of
his sons by Khadijah but died at an early age.
The Foundation of the Community
158
Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari) says: As for al-Waqidi, he says that when
they conspired together to drop the stone on the Messenger of
God, Sallam b. Mishkam told them not to do so, and warned
[i4$o] them that it would mean war, adding that Muhammad knew
what they intended. They ignored his advice, however, and 'Amr
b. Jihash went up to the roof to roll the stone over. News of this
came to the Prophet from Heaven, and he got up as though he
wished to relieve himself. His companions waited for him, but he
was gone for a long time. The Jews began to say, "What has
delayed Abu al-Qasim?" and his companions left. Kinanah b.
Suriya’ said, "News of what you intended has reached
him."
When the Messenger of God's companions returned they went
to him and found him sitting in the mosque. They said, "O Messenger
of God, we waited for you but you did not come back."
"The Jews intended to kill me," he replied, "and
God informed
me of it. Call Muhammad b. Maslamah to me." When Muhammad
b. Maslamah came, he was told to go to the Jews and say to
them, "Leave my country and do not live with me. You have intended
treachery." Muhammad b. Maslamah went to them and
said, "The Messenger of God orders you to depart from his
country."
They said, "Muhammad, we never thought that a man of al-
Aws would come to us with such a message." "Hearts have
changed," he replied, "and Islam has wiped out the old
covenants."
"We will go," they said.
'Abd Allah b. Ubayy sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir saying,
"Do not go. I have two thousand men from the beduin and
those of my own people who are united around me. Stay, and they
will enter battle with you, as will Qurayzah." Ka'b b. Asad,
however,
the guarantor of the Banu Qurayzah's compact with the
Messenger of God, 215 heard of this and said, "No man of the
Banu
Qurayzah shall break his compact as long as I am alive."
Sallam
b. Mishkam said to Huyayy b. Akhtab, "Huyayy, we (our tribe)
are eminent among our people (the Jews) by virtue of our wealth;
accept what Muhammad has proposed before you have to accept
what is worse than that."
225. Ka'b b. Asad had signed the agreement with Muhammad
on behalf of Banu
Qurayzah. Sallam and Huyayy were leaders of al-Nadir.
The Events of the Year 4
159
"What is worse than that?" he asked.
"The seizure of our wealth, the enslavement of our children,
and
the killing of our fighting irten," he replied. Huyayy
refused to accept
his advice, however, and sent Judayy b. Akhtab to the Messenger
of God to say, "We will not leave our settlements; so do
what you see fit."
The Messenger of God magnified God and the Muslims magnified
God with him. Then he said, "The Jews have declared
war."
Judayy then went to Ibn Ubayy to ask for support from him. He
said, "I found him sitting among a number of his companions
while the Prophet's crier was calling men to arms. His son, 'Abd
Allah b. ’Abd Allah b. Ubayy, came in as I was with him, took up
his arms, and ran out. 126 1 despaired of Ibn Ubayy's help, and
told
Huyayy of all this. He said, "This is a clever trick of Muhammad's."
The Messenger of God marched against the Banu al-
Nadir, and besieged them for fifteen days. In the end they made
peace with him on the condition that the Messenger of God
would not shed their blood and that their property and their coats
of mail would be his.
According to Muhammad b. Sa’d — his father — his paternal
uncle — his father — his father — Ibn 'Abbas: The Messenger of
God besieged them (the Banu al-Nadir) for fifteen days until he
had reduced them to a state of utter exhaustion, so that they gave
him what he wanted from them and made peace with him. The
terms were that he would not shed their blood, would expel them
from their lands and their settlements, and would send them to
Adhri'at in Syria, providing for every tjiree of them a camel and
a
water-skin.
According to Ibn 'Abd al-A'la — Muhammad b. Thawr —
Ma'mar — al-Zuhri: The Prophet fought them until he made peace
with them on condition that they evacuated Medina. He expelled
them to Syria but allowed them to keep what their camels could
carry, except for their coats of mail ("coats of mail"
means
weapons).
Resumption of Ibn Ishaq's narrative.
226. 'Abdallah, the son of 'Abdallah b. Ubayy, the
leading Hypocrite, was a fervent
Muslim who said he was ready to kill his father if
Muhammad commanded
it; here he answers Muhammad's call to arms.
|i4Sll
ll452)
i6o The Foundation of the Community
A group of the Banu 'Awf b. al-Khazraj, including 'Abd Allah b.
Ubayy b. Salul, Wadi'ah, Malik b. Abl Qawqal, Suwayd, and Da'is
had sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir saying, "Stand firm
and
hold out, for we will not desert you. If they fight you, we will
fight along with you, and if you are driven out, we will leave
with
you." So they waited patiently, but the group with Ibn Ubayy
did
nothing, and God cast fear into the hearts of Banu al-Nadir so
that
they asked the Messenger of God to spare their lives and allow
them to leave Medina. The condition was to be that they could
keep as much of their property as their camels could carry, with
the exception of their coats of mail. The Messenger of God agreed
to this and they took away as much of their property as their camels
could carry. Some of them were destroying their houses down
to the lintel of the door, putting even that on the back of their
camels, and going off with it.
They went to Khaybar, and some of them went to Syria. Among
their nobles who went to Khaybar were Sallam b. Abi al-Huqayq,
Kinanah b. al-Rabi' b. Abi al-Huqayq, and Huyayy b. Akhtab.
When they settled in Khaybar its inhabitants submitted to them.
According to Ibn Humayd — Salamah — Muhammad b. Ishaq
— 'Abd Allah b. Abi Bakr: They loaded their camels with their
wives, children and property, and there were tambourines, pipes,
and singing girls behind them. Among them was Umm 'Amr,
wife of 'Urwah b. al-Ward al-'Absi, whom they had bought from
him. 117 She was one of the Banu Ghifar. They went with a splendour
and a glory the like of which had never been seen from any
tribe in their time.
The Banu al-Nadir left their property to the Messenger of God,
and it became his personal property, to do with it as he wished.
He divided it among the first Emigrants, to the exclusion of the
Ansar, except that Sahl b. Hunayf and Abu Dujanah Simak b.
Kharashah spoke of their poverty and he gave them some of it.“ 8
Only two of the Banu al-Nadir became Muslims, Yamln b.
'Umayr b. Ka'b, who was the nephew of 'Amr b. Jihash, and Abu
Sa'd b. Wahb; they were allowed to keep their property when they
accepted Islam and in this way they preserved it.
227. IH, 653. The story of Umm 'Amr Salma is told more
fully in W, 376.
228. See 1426 above and n.205.
The Events of the Year 4 1 6 1
Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari) says: It is said that when the Messenger of
God went out to fight the Banu al-Nadir he left Ibn Umm Maktum
in charge of Medina. His banner was borne on that occasion
by 'All b. Abi Talib.
Other Events
In this year, in Jumada al-Ula (which began October 9, 62$), there
died 'Abd Allah b. 'Uthman b. 'Affan, who was six years old. The
Messenger of God prayed over him, and 'Uthman b. 'Affan went
down into his grave.
In this year also, early in Sha'ban (which began January 6, 626),
there was born al-Husayn b. 'Ali.
The Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa'
There is a difference of opinion as to which of his expeditions
took place after that against the Banu al-Nadir.
According to Ibn Humayd — Salamah — Ibn Ishaq: The Messenger
of God remained in Medina after the expedition against the
Banu al-Nadir for the two months of Rabi' and part of the month
of Jumada (from August 1 1 to late October, 625 ). Then he went on
an expedition into Najd, directed against the Banu Muharib and
the Banu Tha'labah, part of Ghatafan, and reached Nakhl.”’ This
was the expedition of Dhat al-Riqa'. They met there a number of
Ghatafan; the armies approached one another, but no fighting
took place, because they feared one another. The Messenger of
God then led the Muslims in the Prayer of Fear, and left with
them.
As for al-Waqidi, he asserts that the Messenger of God's expedition
to Dhat al-Riqa' was in Muharram in Year Five of the Hijrah
(which began July 2, 626). He says that it was called Dhat
al-Riqa'
because the mountain after which it was named, Dhat al-Riqa'
(the patchwork mountain) had black, white, and red patches on it.
The Messenger of God left 'Uthman b. 'Affan in charge of Medina
during this expedition.
According to Ibn Humayd — Salamah — Muhammad b. Ishaq
119. IH, 661— 5; W, 395-402.
162
The Foundation of the Community
— Muhammad b. Ja’far b. al-Zubayr and Muhammad (meaning b.
'Abd al-Rahman) — 'Urwah b. al-Zubayr — Abu Hurayrah: We
went out with the Messenger of God to Najd. When we were at
Dhat al-Riqa' in the region of Nakhl he met a number of
Ghatafan. No fighting took place between us, but our army was
afraid of the enemy, and the rules for the Prayer of Fear were revealed.
The Messenger of God divided his companions into two
parts; one group stood facing the enemy while the other stood
behind
the Messenger of God. He magnified God and they all
magnified God. Then he and those behind him performed a
rak'ah and prostrated themselves. On standing up, they walked
back to the ranks of their companions, while these returned and
themselves prayed a rak'ah. When this party stood up (after their
first rak'ah), the Messenger of God prayed a further rak'ah with
them, and at the end of it they sat down. Those who had been facing
the enemy then came back and prayed the second rak'ah.
When they had all sat down, the Messenger of God pronounced
the greeting to both parties together. 130
Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari) says: The accounts of the way in which
the Messenger of God led this prayer at the valley of Nakhl vary
so much that I do not like to mention them here, for fear that
this
book may be unduly prolonged. We shall mention them, God
willing, in our book entitled The Simple Exposition of the Provisions
of the Laws of Islam, 231 in the chapter on the Prayer of Fear.
According to Muhammad b. Bashshar — Mu'adh b. Hisham —
his father — Qatadah — Sulayman al-Yashkuri: I asked Jabir b.
'Abd Allah about the shortening of the prayer, on which day it
was revealed or on which day it took place. Jabir said, "We
set off
to intercept a caravan belonging to Quraysh which was coming
from Syria. When we got to Nakhl one of the enemy came to the
9
230. The details can be followed in a general account of
Salat such as that in El l ,
section 2. To "magnify" God is to say
"God is very great" ( Alldhu akbar ). The
rak'ah is the cycle of acts and words which is repeated
two, three, or four times according to the hour of the day — only twice for
obvious reasons in the Prayer of
Fear. The Salat also has an introductory section and a
closing section, the latter
concluding with the greeting ("Peace be with
you") pronounced first to one's right
then to one's left.
231. This work does not appear to be extant, if indeed
it was ever written; see
GALS, i.218.
The Events of the Year 4 163
Messenger of God and said, 'Muhammad!' 'Yes?' he said. 'Are you
afraid of me?' 'No.' 'Who will protect you from me?' he asked.
'God will protect me from you,' he said. Then the man drew his
sword and threatened him.
"After this the Messenger of God gave the command to leave
that place and take up arms, and then the call to prayer was made.
The Prophet of God led one group of the army in prayer while another
group guarded them. Those nearest to him he led in prayer
for two rak'ahs, and then this group went back and occupied the
positions of the other group. This second group meanwhile came
and were led in prayer for two rak'ahs while the others guarded
them. Then the Prophet gave the greeting to all. In this way the
Prophet performed four rak'ahs while each half of his army performed
only two rak'ahs. This was the day on which God gave a
revelation concerning the shortening of prayer when the believers
were ordered to take up arms."
According to Ibn Humayd — Salamah — Muhammad b. Ishaq
— 'Amr b. 'Ubayd — al-Hasan al-Basri — Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-
Ansarx: A man of the Banu Muharib called so-and-so b. al-Harith
• • •
said to his people of Ghatafan and Muharib, "Shall I kill
Muhammad
for you?" They said, "Yes, but how are you going to kill
him?" "I will do it by surprise," he said. He went
to the Messenger
of God as the latter was sitting with his sword in his lap, and
said, "Muhammad, may I have a look at your sword?" He
said,
"Yes." So the man took it and unsheathed it, and then
started
brandishing it, intending to kill him with it; but God restrained
him. Then he said, "Muhammad, are you not afraid of me?"
"No," he said, "why should I be afraid of
you?" "Are you not
afraid of me with the sword in my hand?" he asked.
"No," he
replied, "God will defend me from you." At that he
sheathed the
sword and returned it to the Messenger of God. On this event,
God revealed, "O ye who believe! Remember Allah's favor unto
you, how a people were minded to stretch out their hands against
you but He withheld their hands from you "
According to Ibn Humayd — Salamah — Muhammad b. Ishaq
— Sadaqah b. Yasar — 'Aqil b. Jabir — Jabir b. 'Abd Allah
al-Ansari:
232. Qur. 5.1 1.
1 64 The Foundation of the Community
We went out with the Messenger of God on the expedition to
Dhat al-Riqa' in the neighbourhood of Nakhl. At one point, one of
the Muslims killed a polytheist woman. When the Messenger of
God was on his way back to Medina, her husband, who had been
away and had returned, on being told what had happened, swore
that he would not rest until he had wrought bloodshed among
Muhammad's companions. He set out, following the Messenger
of God's tracks. When the Messenger of God halted for the night
he said, "Who will keep watch for us tonight?" One of
the Emigrants
and one of the Ansar volunteered, saying, "We will, O
Messenger of God." He told them to station themselves at the
top
of the pass. The Messenger of God and his companions had halted
further down the pass towards the valley bottom. When the two
reached the top of the pass, the Ansari asked the Emigrant,
"Which part of the night would you like me to stand watch for
you — the first part or the second part?" "Stand watch
for the first
part for me," he said, and lay down and went to sleep, while
the
Ansari stood up to pray. The woman's husband now came, saw
the standing figure, realised that he was the lookout for the
army,
and shot an arrow which hit him. The Ansari pulled the arrow
out, put it down, and remained standing in prayer. The man shot
a second and a third arrow at him, but exactly the same thing happened.
Finally the Ansari, after bowing and prostrating himself,
woke up his companion with the words, "Sit up, I have been
wounded." The Emigrant leapt to his feet. When the man saw
the
two of them, he knew that they were alerted to his presence, (and
fled). 233 When the Emigrant saw the Ansari’s bloodstained condition
he exclaimed, "God Almighty! Why did you not wake me up
the first time he shot at you?" "I was in the middle of
reciting a
Surah," he replied, "and I did not want to break off
without finishing
it. When he kept shooting at me I completed a rak'ah and
woke you up. By God, but for the fact that I would have lost an
outpost which the Messenger of God had ordered me to hold, the
man could have killed me before I would have broken the Surah
off uncompleted."
233. The words "and fled" have been added from
IH's text; he also has a dual in-
stead of the plural in al-Tabari.
The Events of the Year 4
The Expedition of al-Sawiq or Badr al-Maw'id
This is the Prophet's second expedition to Badr, which he un-dertook
to keep his appointment with Abu Sufyan.
According to Ibn Humayd — Salamah — Ibn Ishaq: After
the Messenger of God had returned to Medina from Dhat
al-Riqa', he remained there for the rest of Jumada al-Ula,
Jumada al-Akhirah, and Rajab (late October 62$ to early January
626). Then in Sha'ban (which began January 6, 626) he
went out to Badr to meet Abu Sufyan and halted there for
eight days, waiting for him. Abu Sufyan came out with the
Meccans and halted at Majannah in the region of Murr al-
Zahran — or, according to some people, went through 'Usfan,
after which he decided to go back. "Men of Quraysh," he
said, "only a fertile year in which you can pasture your animals
on the bushes and drink their milk will be any good to
you. This is a year of drought, and I am going to go back, so
you go back too." They all went back, and the people of
Mecca called them "the army of sawiq (barley-meal)," saying,
"You only went out to drink barley-gruel." 235
The Messenger of God stayed at Badr waiting to keep his
rendezvous with Abu Sufyan. Makhshi b. 'Amr al-Damri,
who had made a treaty with him on behalf of the Banu Damrah
during the expedition to Waddan, came to him and said,
"Have you come to meet Quraysh at this watering place,
Muhammad?" "Yes, O brother of the Banu Damrah," he
said; "nevertheless, if you wish, we will release you from
your treaty with us and then fight you until God decides between
us." "No, by God, Muhammad," he replied, "we
want
no such thing from you."
The Messenger of God remained, waiting for Abu Sufyan,
and Ma'bad b. Abl Ma'bad al-Khuza'i passed by him, having
seen where he was as he galloped past on his she-camel, and
said:
She was frightened away by Muhammad's two companies
234. IH, 666-8; W, 384-91.
235. See n.153 above.
i66
The Foundation of the Community
and a date-stone from Yathrib like a raisin,
Hurrying along in the hereditary faith of her fathers,
having made the water of Qudayd my meeting
place
And the water of Dajnan hers tomorrow morning.
As for al-Waqidi, he says that the Messenger of God urged his
companions to take part in an expedition to Badr in order to meet
Abu Sufyan, whom he had promised on the day of Uhud to meet
there for battle in a year's time. This was in Dhu al-Qa'dah
(which began April 4, 626). Nu'aym b. Mas'ud al-Ashja'i had come
to Mecca to perform the 'utnrah (lesser pilgrimage) and was asked
by Quraysh which direction he had come from. When he said,
"From Yathrib," Abu Sufyan asked, "Did you see
Muhammad
making any movements?" He replied, "I left him making
preparations
for an expedition against you." This was before Nu'aym became
a Muslim.
Abu Sufyan said to him, "Nu'aym, this is a year of drought,
and
only a year in which our camels can graze on shrubs and we can
drink their milk will be suitable for us. Since the time for our
rendezvous
with Muhammad has come, go to Medina, delay them,
and make them think that we are coming with such a huge army
that they will not be able to withstand us. In that way it will be
they who break the agreement; and I would prefer that to our
breaking it. Do this, and you shall have ten camels which I shall
place in Suhayl b. 'Amr's custody for safekeeping." So Suhayl
b.
'Amr came to them, and Nu'aym said to Suhayl, "Abu Yazid,
will
you be responsible for these camels so that I can go to Muhammad
and delay him?" He agreed, and Nu'aym set out. When he arrived
in Medina he found the people preparing themselves, so he
mingled unobtrusively with them and would say, "This is not
sensible. Was not Muhammad personally wounded? Were his
companions not killed?" In this way he delayed them, and when
(1460] the Messenger of God heard of it, he said, "By him in
whose hand
my soul rests, even if nobody goes out with me, I shall go out
alone." Then God set the Muslims' understanding on the right
path, and they set out to trade, earning two dirhams for every
dirham laid out. They did not meet any enemy, and this expedition
was known as " Badr al-maw’id" (Badr of the Rendezvous).
The Events of the Year 4 167
Badr was the site of one of their markets in pre-Islamic times,
and
they assembled there for eight days once a year.
Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari) says: The Messenger of God left 'Abd Al-
lah b. Rawahah in charge of Medina.
Other Events
Al-WaqidI says: In this year, the Messenger of God married Umm
Salamah bt. Abi Umayyah 236 and consummated the marriage in
Shawwal (which began March 6, 62 6). In this year also, the Messenger
of God commanded Zayd b. Thabit to study the Book of
the Jews, saying, "I fear that they may change my Book."
In this year, the polytheists were in charge of the Meccan Pilgrimage.
236. Umm Salamah Hind belonged to the Meccan clan of
Makhzum) her previ- ous husband, Abu Salamah, also of Makhzum, had been killed
at Uhud.
Abbreviations
*
EI l , EP: Encyclopaedia of Islam, London and Leiden, first
edition, second edition.
GALS : C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literaturs,
Supplementband I, Leiden 1937.
IH: Ibn Hisham, Sir ah, ed. F. Wustenfeld, Gottingen 1859, i860.
Qur.: Qur’an (Pickthall's translation — see Bibliography).
W: Al-WaqidI, Kitab al-Maghazi, ed. Marsden Jones, 3 vols. with
continuous paging, London 1966.
Watt, Mecca : W.M. Watt, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford 1953.
, Medina : , Muhammad at Medina, Oxford 1956.
Bibliography of Cited Works
Ahmad b. Hanbal, Musnad, 6 vols., Cairo 1893.
Goldziher, I., Muslim Studies , ed. S.M.Stem, vol.i, London 1967.
Guillaume, A., The Life of Muhammad: a Translation of (Ibn)
Ishaq's
SItat Rasul Allah, London 1955; contains Ibn Hisham's editorial
notes as an appendix.
Hassan b. Thabit, Diwan, ed. W. Arafat, 2 vols., London 1971.
Ibn al-Athlr, Usd ahghabah, 5 vols., Cairo 1864.
Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah , ed. F.Wiistenfeld, Gottingen 1859,
i860
(incorporates the Sirah of Ibn Ishaq).
al-Mas*udI, Muruj adh-dhahab, ed. and tr. C.Barbier de Meynard and
Pavet de Courteille, vol.i, Paris 1861.
Noldeke, Th., Geschichte des Qorans, 1 , vol.i ed. F. Schwally,
Leipzig
1909.
Qur’an: quoted from The Meaning of the Glorious Koran, by
Marmaduke
Pickthall, London 1930.
Sezgin, F., Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, vol.i, Leiden
1967.
Watt, W. Montgomery, Bell's Introduction to the Qur’an, Edinburgh
1970.
, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford 1953.
, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford 1956.
Wagtendonk, K., Fasting in the Koran, Leiden 1968.
Wellhausen, J., Reste arabischen Heidentums 2 , Berlin 1897.
Index
The index contains all proper names of persons, places, tribal and
other groups,
as well as topographical data, occurring in the introduction, the
text , and the
footnotes. However, as far as the footnotes are concerned, only
those names that
belong to the medieval or earlier periods are listed.
The definite article, the abbreviation b. (for ibn, son) and bt.
(for bint, daughter), and everything in parentheses are disregarded for the
purposes of alphabetization. Where a name occurs in both the text and the
footnotes on the same page, only the page number is given.
(The Arabic article al - is neglected in the alphabetical
arrangement. Abbreviations: 'A A. — *Abd Allah} M. = Muhammad. An asterisk
after a name indicates
that it occurs only in the isnads, the chains of transmitters.)
A
Aban al-*A$tar * 28
Aban b. Said 74
* Abbad b. *AA. * 58, 70, 74, 118, 126
*Abbad b. Bishr 95
al-* Abbas b. *AA. b. Ma*bad * 56, 69
al-* Abbas b. *Abd al-*AzIm * 103!.
al- 'Abbas b. *Abd al-Muttalib xxxvii,
34-7/ 55-7/ 68—72, 82
al-'Abbas b. al-Walld * 156
*AA. b. *AA. b. Ubayy 159
*AA. b. Abi Bakr (son of caliph) 8
*AA. b. Abi Bakr * 5, 1 8, 35, 47, 58, 6of.,
66, 72/ 75/ 77/ 94/ 140, 15I/ 160
*AA. b. Abi Rabi'ah 105
*AA. b. *Amr b. al-*A$ 107
*AA. b. *Amr b. al-Haram no, 136
'AA. b. *Atik 100-4
'AA. b. Hanzalah 142
*AA. b. Jahsh 18-22, 29, 134, 137
*AA. b. fubayr 62
*AA. b. Ka'b b. Malik * 101
*AA. b. Ka*b b. Zayd 65
*AA. b. Kharijah *139
*AA. b. Mas'ud 6if., 83, 114
*AA. b. al-Mubarak * 54
*AA. b. al-Mughlrah 21
*AA. b. al-Mughith # 94L
*AA. b. M. b. al-Mughlrah * 40
*AA. b. Rawahah 52, 64, 82, 94, 167
*AA. b. §afwan 7, 107
*AA. b. Jariq I44f.
*AA. b. Tha*labah * 56
*AA. b. Ubayy xxiv, xxviii, xxxi, 14, 86,
108-10, 125, 1 58-60
*AA. b. *Umar 84, hi
*AA. b. Unays 101-4
*AA. b. *Uqbah 100
*AA. b. Urayqit 8
*AA. b. *Urwah * 8
*AA. b. *Uthman xxxvi, 161
*AA. b. al-Zubayr 9 f., 118, 126
*Abd al-Ashhal, clan in Medina 95,112,
137 / 139
*Abd al-*Aztz b. Abi Hazim * 17
'Abd al-Dar, clan in Mecca xxxi, 67,
117L
*Abd al-Hamid * 7
*Abd al-Malik, caliph xxxvii, 28
*Abd al-Malik al-Yarbul * 50
*Abd al-Mutfalib, sons of 33, 36
*Abd al-Qays, tribe 141
*Abd al-Rahman b. *AA. * 60
172
Index
'Abd al-Rahman b. Abi al-Dahhak * 7
'Abd al- Rahman b. al-Aswad * 27
'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf 58-60
'Abd al-Rahman b. al-Harith * 64
'Abd al-Rahman b. Ka*b * 103
'Abd al-Rahman b. Mahdi * 34
*Abd al-Rahman b. M. * 7
'Abd al-Razzaq * 40
'Abd al-Samad b. 'Abd al-Warith * 28
'Abd Shams, clan in Mecca 50
'Abd al-Wahhab al-Thaqafi * 54
'Abd al- Wahid b. Abi 'Awn * 59, 137
'Abd al-Warith b. 'Abd al-Samad * 28
Abraham 82
Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sulaml * 28
Abu 'Abs b. Jabr 95
Abu Ahmad al-Zubayri * 39
Abu 'Amir * 39
Abu 'Amir 'Abd 'Amr 1 17
Abu al-'A§ b. al-Rabi' 73-8
Abu al-Aswad * 10
Abu Ayyub Khalid 4f.
Abu 'Aziz b, 'Umayr 67, 107
Abu 'Azzah 106, 141
Abu al-Bakhtari 44, 56-8, 65, 67
Abu Bakr, caliph xviii, 6-8, 41, 53-s,
8if., 123, 131, 157
Abu Bakr b. 'A A. b. Abi Sabrah * 18
Abu Bakr b. 'Abd al-Rahman * 60
Abu Bakr b. 'Ayyash # 39
Abu Bakr b. Isma'il * 1 1
Abu Bara* 'Amir b. Malik xxxivf.,
151-5
Abu Burdah b. Niyar in
Abu Da*ud al-Mazini * 60
Abu Dujanah Simak 116, 118, 121,
I37f., 160
Abu Dusmah 107
Abu al-Hakam see: Abu Jahl
Abu Hathmah 1 1 if.
Abu Hazim * 17
Abu Hind 66
Abu Hurayrah * 84, 145, 162
Abu Ishaq * 27, 32, 34, 39f., 100, 113,
131
Abu Jabir al-Salimi 109
Abu Ja'far * 18, 92
Abu Ja'far M. b. 'All *53
Abu Jahl xxvi, 10, 13, 36, 44-6, 49-51,
61-3, 65, 67, 84, 128
Abu Rurayb * 27, 39/ ^9/ H5*-
Abu Lahab xviii, 37b, 68, 73m, 107m
Abu Lubabah 84, 86, 91
Abu Malik * 24
Abu Malik al-Janbi * 39
Abu Marthad 10
Abu Mu'awiyah * 82
Abu Mubashshir * 87
Abu Na’ilah see: Silkan
Abu Qatadah 101-3
Abu Qays b. al-Aslat xixf., 14
Abu Qubays 36
Abu Rafi' (M.'s client) 8, 68
Abu Rafi' *119
Abu Rafi' Sallam xxix, 99-104, 160
Abu Sa'd b. Wahb 160
Abu al-Sa'ib * 139
Abu Sa'id al-Khudri hi
A bu Salamah xxxvi, 16, i67n.
Abu Salih * 24, 71
Abu Sirwa'ah b. al-Harith 146
Abu Sufyan b. Harb xxvf., xxixf
xxxii -xxxiv, xxxvi, n, 29-32,
37/ 40, 43-5/ 7*f., 75n., 76,
89-91/ 98f., 105-7, H3-5/ H7f.,
125-9, I3if*/ Uof., 147*-, i6sf.
Abu Sufyan b. al-Harith 68
Abu Talib 5 3
Abu al-Tayyah * 5
Abu Turab i6f.
Abu 'Ubaydah b. al-Jarrah 22
Abu 'Ubaydah b. M. b. 'Ammar * 66, 82
Abu Uhayhah 6
Abu Umamah al-Bahili # 64
Abu Umamah b. Sahl * 60
Abu Wada'ah 71
Abu Zam'ah al-Aswad xxx, 99
Abu al-Zinad * 27
Abu Zumayl * 80
al-Abwa* xix, nf., 15
'Adal, tribe io6n., 143, 147
Adha’, 87f.
Adhri'at 159
'Adi * 27
Index
173
'Adi, clan in Mecca 29, 46, 143
'Adi b. Abi al-Zaghba’ 40, 44
'Adi b. al-Najjar, clan in Medina 53, 5 5,
122, 1 5 1
'Afra’ 66
Ahabish io6f., 117, 132, i43n.
Ahmad b. Ishaq * 39
Ahmad b. Mansur * 80
Ahmad b. al-Mufaddal * 108, 1 14, 124
Ahmar (Thamud) 17
Aliya* xix, 1 if.
'A* ishah xviif., 6-8, 62, 74
al-Akhnas b. Shariq 46
al-'Ala* b. Kathir * 60
C A1I * 32, 34
'All b. Abi Talib xxxvi, 14, 16-18, 33f.,
39, 43/ 5*f., 65/ 81, 89, 115, Ii8f.,
hi, 113, 131/ I37fv 157, 161
'All b. Nasr # 28
'All b. Umayyah 59
'Aliyah 84
'Alqamah * 27
al-A'mash * 82
'Amir, tribe xxxiv-vi, 95, 15 on.,
151-3,157
'Amir, clan in Mecca 30, 71, 119
'Amir b. Fuhayrah 21, 151, 153
'Amir b. al-Hadrami 5of.
'Amir b. Sa'd * 1 1
'Amir b. al-Tufayl xxxv, 152-6
'Ammar b. Yasir i6f., 21
'Amr b. 'AA. *119
*Amr b. 'Abd Wudd 44
'Amr b. Abi Sufyan 72!.
'Amr b. 'All * 34
'Amr b. al-*As 107
'Amr b. 'Asid * 145
'Amr b. ' A$im *115
'Amr b. 'Awf, clan in Medina 66, 72, 84,
113, 122, 144, 152
'Amr b. al-Hadrami 19-22, 28f., 37,
49f.
'Amr b. Hammad * 21, 24, 40
'Amr b. al-Jamuh 136
'Amr b. Jihash I57f., 160
'Amr b. Murrah * 82
'Amr b. 'Ubayd * 163
'Amr b. Umayyah * 146b
'Amr b. Umayyah al-Damri 16,
146-50, 152b, 156b
'Amrb. Yunus * 155
'Amrah bt. 'Alqamah 107, 118
Anas b. Malik * 5f., 63, 120, 122,
155
Anas b. al-Nadr 122, 125
'Anbasah * 26
Anmar 98
An§ar xx, xxii, xxvf ., xxix, xxxif.,
xxxiv, 4f., 33, 35, 39, 42, 52L, 56,
66f., 75, 79, 83f., 90, 1 oof., 108,
117, 120, 122, 127, 133/ 137/ 147/
150, 152, 157, 160, 164
al-'Aqabah xvii, 6n., 42
al-'Aqanqai 44, 47 f.
'Aqil b. Abi T^lib 34, 71, 8i
'Aqil b. al-Aswad 70
'Aqil b. al-Jabir * 163
'Arabah b. Aws 1 1 1
'Arid Abu Yasar 43
Artat 12 1
al-'As b. Hisham 38, 68
al-'A$ b. Sa'id 43, 128
al-*A§ b. Wa’il 6
As'ad b. Zurarah xviif., sf.
Asbat * 21, 24, 40, 108, 1 14, 124
'Ashura’ xxiii, 2511. , 26
'A§im b. 'Adi 84
'Asim b. ‘All * 80
'Asim b. Thabit 66, 122, 143-6
'A$im b. 'Umar b. Qatadah * 28, 35, 53,
55, 65, 85I., 94, 105, 1 17, iai,
I34f-, 143
Aslam 43
Aslam, tribe 102
Asma* bt. Abi Bakr 9
al-Aswad * 27
al-Aswad b. 'Abd al-Asad 52
al-Aswad b. Khuza'i ioif.
al-Aswad b. al-Muttalib 70
'Atikah 35-7
‘Atikah bt. Asid 94
al-A‘was 127
* Awf, clan in Medina 1 60
'Awf b. al-Harith 52, 55
174
Index
al-Aws, tribe in Medina xxix, 83, 90,
101, 117, 158
al-Awzal * 156
Ayma’ b. Rahdah 48, 50
'Aynayn 107
B
Badr, battle xxiv-vii, xxxii, 14, 16,
26-69
Badr al-Maw'id xxx, xxxv, 165-7
Bakr b. *Abd Manat, tribe 38, 149
Bakr b. Wa’il, tribe 99
Bali, tribe 144
Banu . . see under following name
Baqi’ al-Gharqad 96
al-Bara* * 39!., 100, 113, 13 1
al-Bara’ b. 'Azib 84, in
Barrah bt. *Abd al-*Uzza nsn.
Barzah (Barrah) bt. Mas'ud 107
Basbas b. 'Amr 40, 44
Bayadah, clan in Medina 144
al*Bayda’ 104
Bilal 59
Bi’r Ma'unah xxxivf., 21, 151-6
Bishr b. Adam *115
Bishr b. Mu'adh * 40
Bu'ath 97
Buhran 19, 21, 88, 93
Buraydah b. Sufyan * 133
Buwat xixf., 13, 15
D
Da'is 160
Dajnan 166
Damascus xx
Damdam b. 'Amr 35, 37
Damrah, tribe 12, 14, 147, 149m, 165
Da'ud b. al-Husayn * 78
Dhafiran 4 if.
Dhat *Irq 99
Dhat al-Riqa* xxxiv, 161-4
Dhu Amarr 93, 98
Dhu al-Faqar 84, 120
Dhu Tawa 76
Dhubab 86
al-Dil, tribe 61, 149
Dinar, clan in Medina 137, 152
Dubay'ah, clan in Medina 117
E
Emigrants, xv, xviii, xx, xxiv, xxvi,
xxxii, 5, 10, 12E, 16, 18, 35, 39,
83!., 122, 126, 157, 160, 164
F
al’Fadl b. al-Hasan * 147
Farwah b. f Amr 66
Fatimah xviii, xxxvi, 8n., 17E, 92,
137E, 142
Fatimah bt. al-Walid 107
fatxah 2
fitnah 23
fitr, 26
Friday prayer, xvi, xxiii, 1-4, 108
al-Fur r 19, 88, 93
Furat b. Hayyan 99
al-Furay*ah i3on.
G
Gabriel 7, 55, 86, ii9f.
Gaza xx
Ghalib, clan-group in Mecca 127
Ghalib b. 'AA. 89
Ghamrah 99
Ghatafan, tribe 88f., 93, 161-3
Ghifar, tribe 41, 48, 60, 160
Guillaume, A. xxxvii
H
Habbar b. al-Aswad 76
al-Had’ah 144!.
Hafsah xviii, 7, 105
al-Hajjaj * 25, 39
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