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Sabtu, 21 Januari 2017

BLACK TERROR WHITE SOLDIER PART 24

Mad Scientists, Propaganda & Covert War Part 3



    Outwardly, the  CIA presented these projects as designed to foster appreciation of American culture, but to the left-wing radicals duped by the  CIA, it was designed to undermine the United States to bring about the dictatorship of the proletariat. Conversely, to those on the right-wing, because the same financial         interests that were behind the   rise of  Bolshevism and the Soviet Union were also behind the  CFR and the  CIA, there long persisted the misconception that their conspiratorial activities inside the US were devoted to the spread of communism, and a merger with the  Soviet Union. An important exponent of this misplaced theory was well-known conservative author of conspiracy subjects and member of the  John Birch Society, Cleon  Skousen. In 1958,  Skousen published The Naked Communist, where he listed the promotion of modern art among the 45 goals of the   Communist Party USA ( CPUSA) wanted to achieve in order to destroy American Society and its Constitutional form of Government. Among the list revealed by  Skousen were, to “continue discrediting American culture by degrading all forms of artistic expression. An American Communist cell was told to “eliminate all good sculpture from parks and buildings, substitute shapeless, awkward and meaningless forms” and “control art critics and directors of art museums.”

  However, according to  CIA agent and later  Watergate burglar  Howard Hunt, “The Communist Party of the United States, in fact, at the moment, was practically a branch of the Justice Department.”83 A chief link to the  CIA was Jay  Lovestone, who had served as leader of the  Communist Party USA and then as foreign policy advisor to the leadership of the  AFL-CIO.  Lovestone was feeding information about Communist labor-union activities to James Jesus Angleton, the  CIA’s counterintelligence chief, in order to undermine Communist influence in the international union movement and provide intelligence to the   US government.84 Lovestone was also boss to  CIA agent Irving Brown at the American Federation of Labor ( AFL). Brown was described as a “one-man OSS.” In 1948, George  Kennan had considered him to head the  OPC, before he gave the job to Frank  Wisner.  Wisner then placed Brown on the steering committee of the  CCF. As European Representative of the   AFL, Brown was the conduit to pass vast sums of government money and   Marshall Plan funds into covert operations, using the cover that the money came from labor unions.

  Carroll Quigley stated that he had been in direct contact with the  Round Table organizations, and explained the nature of this supposed “communist conspiracy”:

  This radical Right fairy tale, which is now an accepted folk myth in many groups in America, pictured the recent history of the United States, in regard to domestic reform and in foreign affairs, as a well-organized plot by extreme Left-wing elements… This myth, like all fables, does in fact have a modicum of truth. There does exist, and has existed for a generation, an international Anglophile network which operates, to some extent, in the way the Radical right believes the Communists act. In fact, this network, which we may identify as the  Round Table Groups, has no aversion to cooperating with the Communists, or any other group, and frequently does so. I know of the operation of this network because I have studied it for twenty years and was permitted for two years, in the early 1960’s, to examine its papers and secret records. I have no aversion to it or to most of its aims and have, for much of my life, been close to it and to many of its instruments. I have objected, both in the past and recently, to a few of its policies… but in general my chief difference of opinion is that it wishes to remain unknown, and I Believe its role in history is significant  enough to be known. 85

  For these and other reasons, the  CIA was particular apprehensive about Senator  McCarthy for fear that his campaign could blow wide open their whole  operation. In 1953, Wisner and the   CIA began receiving criticism from  J. Edgar Hoover, who described the  OPC as “ Wisner’s gang of weirdos” and began carrying out investigations into their past. It did not take him long to discover that some of them had been active in left-wing politics in the 1930s. This information was passed to Senator   McCarthy who started making attacks on its members. Hoover also passed on to McCarthy details of an affair that Wisner had with Princess Caradja in Romania during the war, who, Hoover claimed, was a Soviet agent.  Joseph McCarthy also began accusing other senior members of the  CIA as being security risks. McCarthy claimed that the  CIA was a “sinkhole of communists” and claimed he intended to root out a hundred of them.

  The legitimacy of the  CIA sponsoring modern “art” as a propaganda weapon was challenged in Congress by George Dondero, a Republican from Missouri, who succeeded in bringing about the collapse of any such successive attempts on the part of the State Department. “We had a lot of trouble with Congressman Dondero,”  Braden later recalled. “He couldn’t stand modern art. He thought it was a travesty, he thought it was sinful, he thought it was ugly… That’s one reason why it had to be done covertly; it had to be covert because it would have been turned down if it had been put to a vote in  democracy.” 86 As Saunders comments, “Here again was that sublime paradox of American strategy in the cultural  Cold War: in order to promote an acceptance of art produced in (and vaunted as the expression of )   democracy, the democratic process itself had to be circumvented.” 87

  It was an agenda sanctioned by President   Eisenhower himself who, apparently, unlike his predecessor  Truman, recognized the value of modern art as a “pillar of liberty.” The artists that the  CIA drew upon, like  Pollock and de Kooning, came from left-wing politics and most of them had worked for the Federal Arts Project under Roosevelt’s New Deal producing subsidized art for government. Jackson  Pollock in the 1930s had been involved in the Communist workshop of the Mexican muralist David Alfalo Siquieros. As Jason Epstein  explained, “Well, what would a great power be without an appropriate art? You  couldn’t be a great power if you didn’t have an art to go with it, like Venice without Tintereto or Florence without Giotto.”88 And  Abstract Expressionism could be represented as a truly home-grown American phenomenon, not another European import, and whose “freedom” would contrast with the rigidity of Soviet realism.

  Jackson  Pollock,  who was also a leading figure of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom ( ACCF), was the ideal candidate for “the great American painter,” explained fellow-artist Budd Hopkins. He further elaborated: “If you  conceived  of  such       a person,  first  of all,  he had to be a real American,     not a transplanted European. And he should have the big macho American virtues—he should be rough and tumble American—taciturn, ideally—and if he is a cowboy, so much the better.” 89 CIA agent Donald Jameson joked, “Regarding  Abstract Expressionism, I’d love to be able to say that the  CIA invented it all, just to see what happened in New York’s and downtown Soho tomorrow!” 90 Jameson further explained:

  We recognized that this was the kind of art that did not have anything to do with socialist realism, and made socialist realism look even more stylized and more rigid and confined than  it was…    Of course matters        of this sort could not only have been done through the organizations or the operation of the  CIA at two or three removed, so that there wouldn’t be any question of having to clear Jackson  Pollock, for example… If you had to use people who considered themselves one way or another closer to Moscow than to Washington, well, so much the better perhaps. 91

  Abstract Expressionism is a classic example of the “Emperor’s New Clothes.” The  CIA was able to make use of Jackson  Pollock’s paint splatters as propaganda by            denying the  obvious and            calling it “art.” The  fight  against communism, however, was just a pretext. The real reason was that abstract art was an artistic representation of nihilism, and therefore, like modernist art in general, could be used to undermine beliefs in traditional morality and norms.

  MoMA had extensive links with the  CIA.  Nelson Rockefeller’s close friend, John Whitney, who served as president and chairman of the board, had joined the  OSS in 1943 and later held a position on C. D. Jackson’s Psychological Strategy Board. William Burden, who became  MoMA’s president in 1956, was also a member of Rockefeller’s CIAA as well as chairing the CIA’s  Fair field Foundation. Under            Braden,  MoMA’s policy was developed by Austrian aristocrat Rene d’Harnoucourt, who also worked for the CIAA and consulted with the NSA’s  Operations Coordinating Board, which replaced the Psychological Strategy Board, and with the State Department. D’Harnoncourt believed that “modern art in its     infinite variety and ceaseless exploration,” was the “foremost symbol” of  democracy. 92 William Paley, another  MoMA trustee and the owner of CBS was a close friend of  Allen Dulles.  Henry Luce too was a trustee of  MoMA. It was Alfred Barr,  MoMA’s    first director, who convinced Luce to change the editorial policy of Time-Lifetowards the new modern art because it was “artistic free enterprise.” 93

  In 1954, the  CIA  also paid for  the filming  of George  Orwell’s Nineteen  Eighty-Four and the animated version of Animal Farm. Orwell offers a remarkably candid criticism of the unrecognized totalitarian tendencies of Western societies, pointing out the manipulation of history, and how the major superpowers battle not directly against themselves, but in their border regions. Orwell also hints at the possible use of the Protocols, when the main character, Winston, reads “the Book,” which reveals the tyrannical methods of the state, but which he finds was deliberately fed          to him by O’Brien, a representative of the Party, in order to entrap him, and then torture him into submission. But the reader is left with the question of whether or not all these comparisons are apt, exaggerated, or not accurate at all.

  Moreover, while most interpret Nineteen Eight-Fouras a warning about the threat of totalitarianism, there is a sub-theme that is of primary concern to the Frankfurt School, their Freudo- Marxist theories about the suppression of sexual instincts by authoritarian rule. With the Junior Anti-Sex League, in Nineteen Eight-Four, the Party encourages its members to eliminate the personal sexual attachments that diminish political loyalty. In Part III, O’Brien tells Winston that neurologists are working to eliminate the orgasm because the mental energy required for prolonged worship requires authoritarian suppression of the libido. Several months after  Orwell’s Nineteen Eight-Fourwas published in 1949,  Aldous Huxley sent a letter to his former French pupil saying:

  Agreeing with all that the critics have written of it, I need not tell you,  Yet once more, how fine and how profoundly important the book is. May I speak instead of the thing with which the book deals—the  ultimate  revolution?          The first  hints  of a  philosophy  of the  ultimate revolution—the revolution which lies beyond politics and economics,  and which aims at total subversion of the individual’s psychology and physiology—are to be found in the Marquis de Sade, who regarded himself as the continuator, the consummator, of Robespierre and Babeuf. The philosophy of the ruling minority in Nineteen Eighty-Fouris a sadism which has been carried to its logical conclusion by going beyond sex and denying it.

   The success of the propaganda of Animal Farmand Nineteen Eighty-Four should not be underestimated. Dissent against American hegemony has been almost entirely diffused through their influence. Accepting their pessimistic outcomes  as  reflective  of reality, Orwell’s books are typically the reference  North Americans use to justify resigning themselves to the sorry conclusion that any effort to change the system is futile, because all revolutions only end in the tyranny of the revolutionaries.

  The  CIA’s effective control over the media allowed it to make use of  Tavistock Institute methods of “group dynamics” to foster the irrational hysteria over the supposed threat of communism, which would provide cover for much of its nefarious activities. A secret study commissioned under former President  Hoover           articulated    this new absurd paradigm which was  used as justification for Machiavellian objectives:

  It is now clear we are facing an implacable enemy whose avowed objective is world domination by whatever means and at whatever cost. There are no rules in such a game. Hitherto acceptable longstanding American concepts of “fair play” must be reconsidered. We must develop effective espionage and counterespionage services and must learn to subvert, sabotage, and destroy our enemies by more clever, more sophisticated, and more effective methods than those used against us. 94

  Wisner’s  OPC was therefore authorized to carry out covert action in all countries of the world. According to directive NSC 10/2, such action “shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.” 95
           
As NSC 10/2 further clarified, covert actions are those:

  …which are conducted or sponsored by this government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. 96

  Also,  CIA chief  Allen Dulles devised a plan whereby, on the explicit request of the Pentagon, the  OPC set up secret armies of fascist terrorists across Western Europe with the coordination of  NATO. As former British intelligence agent John Coleman related, “When it was decided that a super-body would control European affairs, the  RIIA founded the  Tavistock Institute, which in  turn created  NATO.”97

  Taking inspiration from the resistance movements that opposed the  Nazi occupiers, the plan was devised to create networks to combat a Soviet invasion from within, and therefore known “Stay-behind” units. The project  was eventually  codified  under  the            umbrella  of the Clandestine  Co Ordinating Committee of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE), the military arm of  NATO, and operated by the secret services and initially funded by the  CIA. In addition to the  CIA, they also operated under the patronage of  MI6  and  the  Mafia,  and  consisted of  numerous ex- Nazis and other neo-fascist terrorists. According to US journalist Arthur Rowse, a secret clause exists in the North Atlantic Treaty requiring candidate countries, before joining  NATO, to establish clandestine citizen cadres, controlled by the country’s respective security services, standing ready to eliminate communist cells during any national emergency. 98

  The codename for the  NATO “ stay-behind” units in Europe was Operation Gladio, sometimes called “Super  NATO.” The name was derived from the short sword used by Roman legionnaires, in line with the Italian Fascists’ fascination with Roman paganism. In Germany, they had as a central focus the  Gehlen Org, also involved in  ODESSA “ratlines.” In 1955, by pre-arrangement, the Gehlen Org had been transferred to the West German government becoming its first intelligence   arm,   the Bundesnachrichtendienst( BND), which was directly subordinated to       the Chancellor Andenaur‘s office. In France the unit was called  “Glaive,” again named after a Gladiatorial sword. Austria‘s unit was named “Schwert,” also meaning sword. In Turkey they were known as the  CounterGuerrilla, and in  Greece as “Sheepskin.” Sweden‘s unit was called “Sveaborg.” In Switzerland it went by the title P26. Other units in  Belgium,  Spain,  Portugal, Germany, Norway, Luxembourg, Denmark and Holland remain unnamed. In the U.K., the unit was simply known as “Stay-behind.” 99

  The secret armies were equipped by the  CIA and  MI6 with machine guns, explosives, munitions and high-tech communication equipment hidden in arms caches in forests, meadows and underground bunkers across Western Europe. Leading officers of        the secret network  trained together with the US Green Berets Special Forces in the US and the British SAS Special Forces in England. After the  OSS was disbanded after  World War I, the US Special Forces were reestablished with headquarters at Fort Bragg, Virginia, in 1952. 100 As the Special Forces were set up in Fort Bragg, the name of the  CIA  covert action branch changed from  OPC to Directorate of Plans (DP) and  Wisner was promoted Deputy Director for Plans. Together with Dulles,  Wisner escalated US covert action operations on a global scale. Dulles authorized  CIA assassination attempts on Castro of Cuba, and Patrice Lumumba of the Congo.

  Wisner, along with Reinhard  Gehlen, organized the overthrow of  Iran’s democratically elected President  Mossadegh in 1953, who threatened to nationalize England’s prized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). Known as  Operation Ajax, its formal leader was senior CIA  officer  Kermit  “Kim” Roosevelt, Jr., grandson of the president, and a member of Dulles’ “Park Avenue Cowboys.” Wisner and Gehlen then organized the overthrow of the Socialist President  Arbenz of Guatemala in 1954.101 When  Wisner decided the plan for Operation Ajax was too crude and needed “a touch of  Machiavelli,” he turned to  James Burnham to give a history lesson. Before turning to the right, when he was regarded as a public intellectual of the American conservative movement, Burnham was a friend to Trotsky, and along with Sidney Hook helped to organize the American Workers Party in 1953. During World War II, he worked for the OSS and, under recommendation from George F. Kennan, was invited to lead the “Political and Psychological Warfare” division of the   OPC. Burnham was later appointed to the steering committee of the CCF, and was a vital connection to  Wisner. Burnham had extensive contacts in Europe and as a former Trotskyite was an authority on Communist parties and front organizations. He was referred to as a “very articulate expounder of the dirty tricks department.” 102 In his 1943  book The Machiavellians, Defenders of Freedom, which became a manual for  CIA  strategists, he used, in addition to  Machiavelli, the ideas of the founders of fascist terrorism like  Mosca, Pereto,  Michels and  Sorel to “challenge egalitarian political theory and to show the persistence and inevitability of elite rule, even in an age  of equality.” 103 In 1955, Burnham helped William F. Buckley found the National Review, which from the start took positions in foreign policy consistent with Burnham’s own. Buckley referred to Burnham as “the number one intellectual influence on National Reviewsince the day of its founding.” 104 In 1983, President Ronald Reagan awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

  Operation Mockingbird was very active during the  CIA assisted coup, called Operation  PBSUCCESS, for the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954. Henry  Luce was able to censor stories that appeared too sympathetic towards the plight of Arbenz. Allen W. Dulles was even able to keep left-wing journalists from travelling to Guatemala. This including Sydney Gruson of the New York Times. Prior to the   CIA coup in Guatemala, Edward  Bernays was employed by the  United Fruit Company (UFCO) to foment opposition to the freely elected president  Arbenz, whose land reforms threatened the company’s interests.  Bernays’ branding of   Arbenz as “communist” was published in major US  media.     The propaganda lent  justification to the       CIA’s orchestration of a coup to overthrow  Arbenz in 1954, claiming his communist leanings opened  the way    for Soviet influence in the Western Hemisphere. Substantial       evidence points to the role of the United Fruit, later known as Chiquita, which had several directties to the White House and the  CIA, as instrumental in this coup.  United Fruit Company had acquired their holdings in Guatemala cheaply through a ninety-nine year land lease in 1936 from the country’s corrupt dictator Jorge Ubico. The deal was settled on behalf of  United Fruit Company with Ubico by  John Foster  Dulles through the     firmof Sullivan Cromwell.  Allen Dulles, who led the coup, had served on UFCO’s board of trustees. In the end, more than a hundred thousand Guatemalan peasants were tortured and killed by the American-trained anti-guerrilla rampages. Military dictators ruled for the next thirty years, provided with weapons and training by the Americans. The term “banana republic” actually originated in reference to United Fruit’s domination of corrupt governments in Guatemala and other Central American countries.

  In 1951,  Kermit Roosevelt had opened secret negotiations with Gamal Nasser. Agreement was soon reached that the US, following a coup against King Farouk, would assist in building up Egypt ’s intelligence and security forces. 105 Under the leadership of  Allen Dulles, the  CIA embarked on a project of hiring ex- Nazis in Egypt, who were led by  Gehlen, Hjalmar  Schacht and Otto  Skorzeny. The Germans in Egypt , recognizing British puppet King Farouk’s political weakness soon began conspiring with  Nasser and his Free Officers who, in turn, were working closely with the Muslim Brotherhood to overthrow the king.  On July 23, 1952, the  Free Officers   carried out a coup d’état  with assistance from the Brotherhood and the  Nazis. Newsweekmarveled that, “The most intriguing aspect [of ] the revolt… was the role played in the coup by the large group of German advisors serving with the Egyptian army… The young officers who did        the actual planning consulted the German advisors as to ‘tactics’… This accounted for the smoothness of the operation.”







The UFO Phenomenon Part 1



    After World War  II, three prominent Humanists became the  first directors of major divisions of the United Nations: Julian Huxley of UNESCO, Brock  Chisholm of the World Health Organization (WHO), and John Boyd-Orr of  the Food and Agricultural Organization. The humanistic system of human rights promoted by the United Nations is a disguise to push forward an agenda to promote the antinomianism of the occult and to replace traditional religion with the doctrines of the New Age. The term “humanism” can be ambiguous and there has been confusion over the several uses of the term as it has been appropriated by different intellectual movements over time. During the French Revolution, and soon after in Germany by the Left Hegelians, humanism began to refer to philosophies and morality centered on human kind, without reference to God or religion. Around 1806, Humanis muswas used to describe the classical curriculum offered by German schools and by 1836 “humanism” was adopted in English in the same sense. In 1856, before the word was associated with secularism, German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used the term “humanism” to describe Renaissance humanism, where the term umanistadescribed a teacher or scholar of classical Greek and Latin literature as well as the ethical philosophy behind it.

  The modern connotations of the term as promoted by the UN date back at least to 1765, when the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical referred to “the general love of humanity… a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call ‘humanism’, for the time has come to create a word for such a beautiful and necessary thing.” 1 The latter part of the eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries then saw the creation of numerous “philanthropic” societies dedicated to human betterment.

  Essentially, the doctrine of humanism has come to refer to an outlook, supposedly first developed during the Renaissance, that places central emphasis on the human being instead of God. According to a German philosopher and anthopologist and Left Hegelian Ludwig Feuerbach            (1804–1872), “Homo homini Deusest (“Man is a god to man” or “god is nothing [other than] man to himself.” 2 Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the term “humanism” became increasingly identified with secularism and            finally became “Humanism,” or secular humanism, a relatively recent movement created at the University of Chicago. When capitalized, “ Humanism” describes the secular ideology that espouses reason,          ethics, and justice, while specifically rejecting supernatural and religious ideas as a basis of morality and decision-making.

  Therefore, the promotion of Humanistic values is designed to undermine traditional religious beliefs, and through the support of the UN, designed to internationalize the acceptance of the age-old doctrines of the occult, as promulgated by Alice  Bailey.  Bailey, who succeeded Annie  Besant as occult leader of theosophical teachings, together with her husband Foster Bailey, launched  Lucifer Publishing Company in 1923, which published the theosophical periodical  Lucifer. They later changed the name for obvious reasons to the Lucis Publishing Company, a name derived originally from the   Fratres Lucis, or Hermetic Brotherhood of Light. The work of  Lucis Trust is carried out through its Arcane School of the occult and an organization called World Goodwill. Together, they work to implement what is termed “the Plan,” as was revealed in 24 books written by  Bailey and published by  Lucis Trust. Alice Bailey, though, claimed that it was Djwhal Khul, her “ Ascended Master,” who actually wrote the books that he channeled through her while she was in a state of trance. The focus of “the Plan” is to usher in the “ Harmonic Convergence,”  also known as the Omega, Mind Convergence, Fusion or Turning Point, which can occur only when nations put aside their “differences” in a “ New World Order” of global unity.

  Bailey supposedly prophesied in 1940 the eventual victory of the Allies and their establishment of a political and religious  New World Order, which she saw as the culmination of  H. G. Wells’ Open Conspiracy. However,  Bailey argued that Well’s Open Conspiracywould be synarchist because it was guided by the Masters of the  Ancient Wisdom, intent on preparing humanity for the mystical second coming of Christ, and the dawning of the   Age of Aquarius. The  Age of  Aquarius refers to a concept of ages developed from astrology. When the earth  rotates on its axis there is a slight wobble, which causes the poles to travel in a circular motion. Therefore, every 2,150 years or so, called a Platonic “Great Year,” at the Vernal equinoxes the sun will rise under a different constellation. The phenomenon is called the “precession of the equinoxes.” So in antiquity, at the spring equinox the sun rose in the constellation of Taurus whose associated planet is  Venus. This is taken as the basis of the recurring identity of the bull, or some horned animal, with the  dying-god . Around the time of the birth of  Jesus, the world entered the Age of Pisces, and therefore  Christianity is often symbolized by a fish.  Depending        on the interpretation,       we are now,            have already, or will soon enter into the  Age of Aquarius, which will be marked by profound change through heightened creativity and interest in “spirituality.”

  Despite her focus on the unity of religions, Bromley and Hammond point out that  Bailey and other “occultists” hammered home the central idea, “The East is the true home of spiritual knowledge and occult wisdom.’”3 Bailey referred to   Shambhala as the seat of the “ Lord of the World,” who watches over the evolution of humanity. To  Bailey,  Shambhala is also the source of cosmic fire as a “Force”    associated    with    Lucifer , a destructive power needed to overcome and destroy degenerated teachings and establish the  New Age.  A “Hierarchy” in  Shambhala headed by  Maitreya protects the Force and at the proper time will initiate the worthy into “the Mysteries of the Ages,” “the Plan.” According to Bailey, Lord Sanat Kumara conducts business in an enormous room in his palace called The Council Chamber of the Lord of the World, where he regularly meets with Maitreya, the Maha Chohan, Djwal Khul, St. Germain, the Master  Jesus and the other Masters of the  Ancient Wisdom. Of these it is said there are 24 principal council members, to assess the progress of The Plan.

  This hierarchy of ascended masters, called, as with  Blavatsky, the  Great White Brotherhood, works on the “inner planes” to oversee the transition to the  New World Order. According to Bailey, the three main channels through which the Universal Religion of the New Age are being prepared are the Church,  Freemasonry and the educational system. In each, she claims, esoteric groups are to be found who are occult students and those who are in direct contact with the Masters. But as the need for their personal involvement in the plan increases there will be an “ Externalization of the Hierarchy” when everyone will know of their  presence          on  Earth.  When world government            and religion are  finally realized, the  New Age, or the  Age of Aquarius, will have dawned. Only then will  Jesus Christ the Avatar appear and the implementation of the  New World Order fully begin. This “Christ,” regarded as a reincarnation of the Comte de   St.  Germain, is known as Lord  Maitreya.

  Through Baily, the  New Age acquired a racist basis closely aligned with neo- Nazi ideas inherited from the accounts of  Blavatsky.  Bailey posited a state of inequality where races do not represent a national or physical type, but a state of evolution, creating a “ladder of evolution.” She refers to the  Aryan root race as an “emerging new race,” the most recently evolved people on Earth. It refers
not only to Caucasian peoples, but to origins in “Indo-Persia,” and indicates a  culture where thought and intellect is dominant.  Bailey stated that the Negro  race contains a large number of “child souls,” leading lives of “physical activity motivated by the desire for satisfaction of some kind, and by a shallow ‘wishlife’ or desire nature, and almost entirely oriented towards the physical life.” 4 Reflecting the  false  pretext  used  by  the  World Bank and the  IMF, she also wrote of the need for the white races to train the Negroes of Africa so that they will be fitted for true    self-government.

  Lucis Trust  is an    influential     institution that enjoys “Consultative Status” which permits it to have a close working relationship with the  United Nations, including a seat on the weekly sessions. It also operates the one religious chapel at the UN, the Meditation Room. World Goodwill, founded in 1932, and also a UN-recognized NGO was, according to Steven Sutcliffe, promoting groups of “world servers” to, as he quotes  Bailey, “serve the Plan, Humanity, the  Hierarchy and the Christ.”5

  As explained by Steve Bonta:

  The  Lucis Trust is also aggressively involved in promoting a globalist  ideology, which it refers to as “goodwill.” Its World Goodwill  organization is closely connected to international elitist circles. Authors and participants in its various conferences read like a Who’s Who of the globalist Insiders. Featured on its website, for example, is the Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities, put forth in April 1998 as a companion document to the notorious UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Signatories to the World Goodwill document include:  Helmut Schmidt, former chancellor of West Germany; Malcolm Fraser, former Australian prime minister; Oscar Arias Sanchez, former prime minister of Costa Rica; Shimon Peres; Robert  McNamara; Paul  Volcker; and Jimmy  Carter. 6

  The result of  Bailey’s      infl      uence was     the      birth   of        many New Age groups:  the Church Universal and Triumphant,  Benjamin Creme’s the Tara Center, the Robert Muller Schools and the  Temple of Understanding. 7 Founded in 1969, the  Temple of Understanding calls itself a “Spiritual  United Nations” and it has NGO status at the UN. Other “Founding Friends” included Jawaharlal Nehru, Pope John XXIII, Eleanor Roosevelt, Anwar el- Sadat, Dr. Albert Schweitzer, UN Secretary-General U Thant, and the  CIA-sponsored  Dalai  Lama (in October 1998, the  Dalai Lama’s administration also acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the US government through the  CIA, and also trained a resistance movement in Colorado) 8 . The Temple of Understanding has maintained a strong presence at the  United Nations, organizing workshops, lectures and major events including hosting the 50th Anniversary Celebration of the UN in New York (1995). The Temple organization works closely with the UN Secretariat, the World Council of Churches, and the World Conference on Religion and Peace.

  Among a group of international trustees who run the  Lucis Trust are the leading lights of the  Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR), including  David  Rockefeller’s nephew,  John D. Rockefeller IV, Robert  McNamara,  Norman  Cousins and Henry  Kissinger. As Terry Melanson pointed out, “this would  then tie  Bailey’s      influential occult organization into the international conspiracy of elitists, including the  Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR), the Bilderbergs,  and the  Trilateral Commission.” 9

  The conclusion of “the Plan,” with the Externalization of the Hierarchy, the Ascended Masters of   Theosophy, represents the revelation of the dyinggod and demons of the Ancient Mysteries, in other words,  Lucifer and his “ fallen angels.” The  Externalization of the Hierarchy, which is to take place at the dawning of the Age of Aquarius, with the establishment of a one-world government headed by the  United Nations, appears to be receiving covert assistance from the government through the deliberate fabrication of the  UFO phenomenon. Through           the influence of astrology, the spirits          of the mysteries were long believed to govern over their respective planets, the most important ones being  Venus or the star Sirius. As such, these entities are today being repackaged as “extra-terrestrials,” or visitors from outer space.

  According to popular writer Robert Anton Wilson, one of his contacts from secret societies in the US and Europe told him that the secret of the 33rd degree, the highest rank in American Freemasonry, was that the order was in contact with beings from  Sirius. 10 In Freemasonry, Sirius is the Blazing Star, which  Albert Pike equated with Osiris, and the “Star of Initiation” followed by the Magi. Sirius has a central role in Theosophy, where it is considered a source esoteric power. To  Alice Bailey, Sirius channels energy from the “cosmic center” through the solar system to the Earth. According to the Djwhal Khul, Freemasonry is very ancient and an earthly version of an initiatory school that exists on Sirius, and the various hierarchical degrees of Freemasonry parallels the different levels of initiation of the “greater Lodge on Sirius.” 11 Bailey saw Sirius as the true “Great White Lodge” and believes it to be the home of the “Spiritual Hierarchy.” For this reason, like  Pike, she considered Sirius as the “star of initiation.”


  The   notion that   unidentified flying  objects ( UFOs) belong to  extraterrestrial life or non-human aliens from other planets occupying physical spacecraft visiting Earth, is known as the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH). It can be traced back to a number of earlier ideas, starting with Emanuel  Swedenborg, who in The Earths in the Universestated that he conversed with spirits from Jupiter, Mars, Mercury,   Saturn,  Venus, the Moon, as well as spirits from planets beyond our solar system, describing them as human-like but immaterial beings who communicated telepathically.  Blavatsky  asserted that the ancients had first-hand       knowledge of extraterrestrial life on planets such as  Venus, which she suspected may have “influence” or            “control” over the earth. In        The Lost  Lemuria (1904),  Blavatsky’s disciple William  Scott-Elliot claimed that beings that evolved on Venus, and who had reached a spiritual or “divine” stage of development, came to earth and taught the inhabitants of  Lemuria the arts of civilization. Ancient Martian civilization was promoted by astronomer Percival Lowell, and the science            fiction writings of  H. G. Wells and Edgar Rice Burroughs.

  Charles Fort (1874–1932), an  American writer and researcher, collected accounts  of    anomalous   physical  phenomena  from  newspapers and          scientific journals, including many reports of extraordinary aerial objects. Today, the terms Fortean and Forteana are used to characterize such phenomena. These reports were first   published in 1919  in The Book of the Damned. In this and two subsequent books, New Lands(1923) and Lo!(1931), Fort theorized that visitors from other worlds were observing Earth. Fort speculated that old stories of demons could be related to “undesirable visitors from other worlds,” who may have communicated with ours in the distant past, left behind advanced technology, or attempted to colonize the earth.

  The main popularizer of the concept of the Age of Aquarius was  Allen Dulles’ friend,  Carl  Jung, who was convinced that he had been chosen by God  for a prophetic mission to herald the era. In his book Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth
of Things Seen in the Sky(1958),  Jung argued that  UFOs were actually mandalas from outer space. The mandala, the Sanskrit “ magic circle,” he thought was a spontaneous production of the unconscious. He suggested that “ flying saucers” were mass archetypal projections formed by the psychic tension produced by the  Cold War.  Jung wrote My  conscience  as  a          psychiatrist bids  me  fulfill  my duty and  prepare those few who will hear me for coming events which are in accord with the end of an era… As we know from ancient Egyptian history, they are symptoms of psychic changes that always appear at the end of one Platonic month [Great Year] and at the beginning of another. They are, it seems, changes in the constellation of the psychic dominants, of the archetypes or ‘Gods’ as they used to be called, which bring about… longlasting transformations of the collective psyche. This transformation started… in the transition of the Age of Taurus to that of Aries, and then from Aries to Pisces, whose beginning coincides with the rise of Christianity . We are now nearing that great change… when the springpoint enters Aquarius… 12

  Carol Rosin, the former spokesperson for  Wernher von Braun, a former member of the Allgemeine SS          who became the leading figure in the development of rocket technology in  Nazi Germany during  World War II, and subsequently in the US, when he was brought there as part of Operation Paperclip, claims that he told her on repeated occasions that the government was going to go through three stages of scare-tactics. First would be the Russians as “Commies,” followed by  terrorism, and finally the            “last card” would   be “aliens,” being  the ostensible reason for the development of  Reagan’s Star Wars program ( SDI). 13

  In a December 4, 1985 speech at the Fallston High School in Maryland, Ronald  Reagan shared a strange anecdote, where he recalled a comment he made to  Gorbachev, saying: “…just think how easy his task and mine might be in these meetings that we held if suddenly there was a threat to this world from some other species from another planet outside in the universe. We’d forget all the little differences we have between our countries and we would  find out once and for all that we      really  are all human beings here on this earth          together.” 14 To put it in perspective, at the 1991  Bilderberger conference held in Evians,  France,  Kissinger made the following bizarre statement:

  Today, America would be outraged if UN troops entered Los Angeles to restore order. Tomorrow they will be grateful! This is especially true if they were told that there were an outside threat from beyond, whether real or promulgated, that threatened our very existence. It is then that all peoples of the world will plead to deliver them from this evil. The one thing every man fears is the unknown. When presented with this scenario, individual rights will be willingly relinquished for the guarantee of their well-being granted to them by the World Government.15


  The possibility is suggested from the fact that in 1938 CBS Radio staged a dramatization narrated by   Orson Welles, of  H. G. Wells’  War of the Worlds, by interrupting the current broadcast and presenting it as a real alien invasion. Newspapers reported that panic ensued, with people across the Northeastern United  States  and   Canada  fleeing  their homes.    Some            people called            CBS, newspapers or the police in confusion over the realism of the news bulletins. Others            claimed they could            smell poison gas    or see flashes of lightning in the distance. Studies calculated that of the six million who heard the broadcast, 1.7 million believed it to be true, and 1.2 million were “genuinely frightened.”16 Appointed to study the results of the broadcast was the  Radio Research Project,  headed by Paul Lazarsfeld of the Cybernetics Group, and which was funded by the  Rockefeller Foundation, and connected to members of the  Frankfurt School, like Theodor  Adorno

BLACK TERROR WHOITE SOLDIER PART 23

Mad Scientists, Propaganda & Covert War Part 2



  In 1942, William “Wild Bill”  Donovan, then head of the  OSS, assembled a team of prestigious American scientists and asked them to develop a “truth serum.” Dr.   Overholser was appointed chairman of the research committee, which used facilities and staff at St. Elizabeth’s hospital to study the effects of numerous drugs, including alcohol, mescaline, barbiturates, caffeine, peyote and scopolamine. Eventually, marijuana was chosen as the most effective.  OSS documents reported that smoking a mix of tobacco and marijuana brought about a “state of irresponsibility, causing the subject to be loquacious and free in his impartation of information.” 51

  In 1944,  Montagu Norman resigned from the  Bank of England and founded the National Association for Mental Health, which in 1948 gathered the world psychiatric and psychological leaders together at an International Congress on Mental Health at the Ministry of Health in London. At this congress, a   World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH) was formed for which Norman picked as president Brig. Gen. Dr. John  Rawlings Rees, the head of the  Tavistock Institute. The vice-president of WFMH was Carl  Jung.

   Brig. Gen. Dr. John  Rawlings Rees was a wartime and civilian psychiatrist.  He was          a member of the group of key figures at  the original  Tavistock Clinic and became its medical director from 1934. Prior to the war, Rees led the  Tavistock Clinic where the various branches of psychiatry were being developed, including family and child psychiatry as well as electro-shock treatment and lobotomy. During  World  War II, Rees was then appointed to the War Offi           ce and arranged to train officers of the  OSS in psychological warfare. Together with Henry Dicks, a fellow member of the  Tavistock Clinic group, Rees was  charged with the care of  Rudolf Hess at the secret prison locations where he  was held following his capture. In 1945, Rees was a member of the three-man British panel, which assessed Hess’ capability to stand trial for war crimes. Rees apparently established a relationship with Hess, whose diaries record many meetings with Rees, referred to at this time as “Colonel Rees,” when Hess accused his captors of attempting to poison, drug, and “mesmerize” him. 52

  Rees, along with  Margaret  Mead, Lawrence K. Frank,   Fremont-Smith and and Frankfurt School director Max  Horkheimer, who all formed the core of the  Cybernetics Group, were all in Paris together, in the summer of 1948, to launch the WFMH.  Cybernetics Group, known among its members as the “Man-Machine Project,” was the umbrella under which the  CIA and British Intelligence conducted their experimentation in mass population control through  the      use  of psychedelic  drugs,  including     LSD.  It  was  unofficially launched in 1942 at a conference in New York, sponsored by Frank  FremontSmith, the medical director of the  CIA front, the Josiah  Macy Foundation.

  Among the participants were Warren McCulloch, Arturo Rosenblueth, Gregory  Bateson,  Margaret Mead, and Lawrence K. Frank. Rosenblueth, speaking on behalf of John von Neumann and his mentor Norbert Wiener, proposed to gather together a group of scientists to devise experiments in social control, based on the assumption that the human brain was merely a complex input/output machine, and that human behavior could, in effect, be programmed, on both an individual and societal level. A year after the founding session of the first of          many            conferences, Wiener would coin the term     “cybernetics” to describe their effort. Conference attendees included the Tavistock Institute’s Kurt  Lewin and Max  Horkheimer.

  The International Congress, in effect, founded the modern psychiatric profession.            The first speaker was anthropologist and occultist Margaret Mead  who would be president of the  WFMH in 1956 and 1957. Mead and Lawrence K. Frank, who would also later become president, authored the founding statement of  WFMH, which they titled, Manifesto of the First International: “The goal of mental health has been enlarged from the concern for the development of healthy personalities to the larger tasks of creating a healthy society… The concept of mental health is co-extensive with world order and world community.”53

  The “Chairman for Discussion” was Dr.  Overholser. The technical coordinator of the US delegation to the congress, Nina Ridenour, later wrote in Mental Health in the United States: A Fifty Year Historythat “the  World Federation for Mental Health… had been created upon the recommendation of the  United Nations’ World Health Organization and UNESCO, because they needed a nongovernmental mental health organization with which they could cooperate.” 54 Ridenour alluded to the fact that the British psychological warfare executive had itself created the core of the UN apparatus:           “Having official consultive           status with the  United Nations and several of its specialized agencies, the   World Federation for Mental Health is in     a position to influence some of  the UN’s decisions  and some aspects of its program.” 55

  The two UN agencies with which the World Federation works most closely are the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Educational,            Scientific  and  Cultural Organization           (UNESCO).   Eugenics strategist Sir  Julian Huxley, brother to  Aldous Huxley, was the first Director        of  UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund.  Aldous Huxley was the author of A Brave New World, of a dystopia where citizens are made to “love their servitude” through the state administering the use of a drug called  Soma. Huxley’s belief in the coercive powers of drugs seems to have the basis of his involvement in MK-Ultra, in which he played a leading role. Huxley was also inspired in his belief in the mind-altering possibilities of hallucinogenics by the thesis of the famous psychologist and Theosophist, William James, who believed that “religious experience” could be replicated by  the use of drugs.

  On April 3, 1953,  Richard  Helms had proposed to Director  Allen Dulles that the  CIA set up a program under  Sidney Gottlieb for “covert use of biological and chemical materials.” Thus  MK-Ultra was spawned, supposedly in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind control  techniques on US prisoners of war in Korea. 56 The published evidence  indicates that Project  MK-Ultra involved the use of many methodologies to manipulate individual mental states and alter brain functions, including the surreptitious administration of drugs and other chemicals, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, verbal and sexual abuse, as well as various forms of  torture. 57  Declassified          MK-Ultra documents indicate hypnosis was studied in the early 1950s. Experiments were conducted with drug-induced hypnosis and with anterograde    and retrograde amnesia  while  under the influence of various drugs. Experiments were often conducted without the subjects’ knowledge or consent, a violation of the   Nuremberg Code, which put limitations on the kind of scientific           experimentation that the Nazis had become notorious for, and that the US agreed to follow after  World War II.

  Early  CIA experiments with  LSD later came to dominate many of   MKUltra’s programs. Lysergic acid diethylamide, or  LSD, was developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz AB, a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by   S. G. Warburg.   LSD     was first synthesized by Hoffmann in         1938  from ergotamine, a chemical derived by Arthur Stoll from ergot, a grain fungus that  typically grows on rye.   MK-Ultra experiments included administering  LSD to  CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents and members of the general public in order to study their reactions. Subjects were usually unwitting. While  Overholser had conducted tests on criminals from the  Mafia, the  CIA thought it imprudent to further tamper with the organization. Instead, they chose “the borderline underworld,” prostitutes, drug addicts, mentally ill patients, and other fringe types who would be powerless to defend themselves if they ever found out what the  CIA had done to them. 58 In  Operation Midnight Climax, the  CIA set up several brothels in San Francisco  to obtain a selection of men too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men  were dosed with  LSD, the brothels were equipped with two-way mirrors and  the sessions  were  filmed for later viewing and study. 59 The  CIA’s secret projects ultimately involved at least two known deaths: that of tennis pro Harold Blauer, and Frank Olson, a biological-warfare specialist, who threw himself through a window of the twelfth floor of New York’s  Statler Hotel, after drinking cognaclaced with  LSD during a  CIA symposium.

  These experiments were outsourced to Canada when the  CIA recruited real-life mad scientist, Scottish psychiatrist Donald Ewen  Cameron, creator of the “psychic driving” concept. During the 1950s,  Cameron served as President of the Canadian, American and World Psychiatric Associations, the American Psychopathological Association and the Society of Biological Psychiatry. In 1945, because of his worldwide reputation,  Cameron had been invited to  Nuremberg to evaluate  Rudolph Hess’ psychological state. Prior to that, Cameron had written a paper titled The Social Reorganization of Germany, in which he argued that German society would have to be transformed and reorganized.  In his analysis, Germany was made up of people who had the need for status, who worshiped strict order and regimentation, desired authoritarian leadership and were deeply xenophobic. The paper continued to state that German culture and its people would have offspring that in 30 years from 1945 would be the biggest threat to world peace. As a consequence, the West would have to take measures to reorganize German society.

  Cameron worked out of the Allan Memorial Institute of McGill University created by the  Rockefeller Foundation in 1943. He was elected president of the American Psychiatric            Association   in 1953, and            became the first president of the World Psychiatric Association. Despite a career of honors and leadership in the early 1950s’ psychiatric circles,  Cameron had been heavily criticized in some circles for his administration of disproportionately-intense electroshock therapy, experimental drugs and  LSD to his patients without their consent and causing some to become comatose.  Cameron had the maniacal idea that instead of using therapy to correct  schizophrenia he could “erase” existing memories and then reprogram the psyche.  In addition to   LSD,  Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs as well as electroshock therapy at  thirty to forty times the normal power. His “driving” experiments consisted  of putting subjects into drug-induced coma for weeks at a time, while playing  tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements. His experiments were  typically carried out on patients who had entered the institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum depression, many of whom suffered permanently from his actions. 60 His treatments resulted in victims’ incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents and thinking their interrogators were their parents. 61

  Noam  Chomsky’s Manufacturing Consentand other works have done much to make mainstream the notion that the press is controlled. But by characterizing it as due to “corporate” control is misleading. In Necessary Illusions,  Chomsky lists the theories of the primary American ideologues who justified and inspired American propaganda, like   Bernays and Lippman. However,  Chomsky argues from a leftist perspective and sees propaganda as a systemic issue where protagonists “internalize the values” of a corporate-driven culture. That is just a cowardly way of avoiding pointing to the usual suspects of “conspiracy theorists.” Because, while the ideologues he mentions certainly formed the justifications for American propaganda, more correctly, the unified voice  of the mainstream media on various matters of national concern cannot but result from some central command.

  The Tavistock Institute’s studies in psychological programming and group psychology were employed to exploit the mass hysteria produced by the illusion of a     conflict with Soviet            Communism. Prominent  among          Tavistock’s faculty was Edward  Bernays,  Freud’s nephew.  Bernays is considered the father of modern methods of propaganda used in capitalistic and supposedly democratic societies. According to John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, in a published  review of Larry Tye’s biography of   Bernays:

  It is impossible to fundamentally grasp the social, political, economic  and cultural developments of the past 100 years without some understanding of  Bernays and his professional heirs in the public  relations industry. PR is a 20th century phenomenon, and  Bernays— widely eulogized as the “father of public relations” at the time of his  death in 1995—played a major role in defining            the industry’s philosophy and methods. 62 During  World War I,  Bernays worked for the  Wilson administration, with the Committee on Public Information. Also known as the CPI, or the Creel Committee,   it was influential in promoting the idea that America’s war efforts        were primarily aimed at “bringing  democracy to all of Europe.” Stunned by the degree to which the slogan of “ democracy” was successful in swaying public opinion,  Bernays wondered whether this propaganda model could be employed during times of peace. Due to negative connotations associated with the word “propaganda,”  Bernays opted for the term “Public Relations.” Otherwise, Bernays’ theories were thoroughly anti-democratic. As he explained, “A leader frequently cannot wait for the people to arrive at even general understanding… Democratic leaders must play their part in… engineering… consent to socially constructive goals and values,” applying “scientific            principles and tried practices to the task of getting people to support ideas and programs.”  63

  Bernays effectively invented the modern exploitive methods of advertising. Based on his uncle’s dubious theories,  Bernays argued that humans are essentially irrational. Therefore, instead of advertising appealing to people’s rationality by extolling a product’s true virtues, it would be possible feed off of their weaknesses and nurture deep-seeded feelings of guilt and insecurity to create emotional attachments to products. This projection of psychological needs onto a commercial product was known to  Frankfurt School as a symptom of  capitalism which they called the “fetishization of the commodity.” In other words, it is the essence of materialism, the idolization of a product by effectively worshipping it by    placing hope of one’s spiritual            fulfillment in possession of it.    

  In his 1965 autobiography,   Bernays recalls that in 1933 Karl von Wiegand, foreign correspondent of the Hearst newspapers, had been shown by  Goebbels his propaganda library, which Wiegand remarked was the best he had ever  seen. According to  Bernays, “Goebbels, said Wiegand, was using my book Crystallizing Public Opinionas a basis for his destructive campaign against the  Jews of Germany. This shocked me… Obviously the attack on the  Jews of Germany was no emotional outburst of the  Nazis, but a deliberate, planned campaign.”64

  Bernays’ thinking was heavily shared byand influenced Walter            Lippmann, who sat on the US Committee on Public Information with  Bernays, quoting him extensively in his seminal work Propaganda. A mentor to  Allen Dulles, Lippmann was a pioneering member of the  Council on Foreign Relations from 1922. It was Lippman who recommended Dulles as a top recruit for Colonel House’s plan to use the United States relief program in Europe after the war as cover for intelligence activities. As one of America’s most respected journalists, Lippman was also   famous for being among     the first to introduce the concept of “ Cold War.” It was from  Lippmann that Noam  Chomsky derived the title for his book, when Lippman described “the manufacture of consent” as a “revolution” in “the practice of  democracy” that had become
“a self-conscious art and a regular organ of popular government.” This, he  claimed, was a natural development when “the common interests very largely elude public opinion entirely, and can be managed only by a specialized class whose personal interests reach beyond the locality.”65

  The  Truman administration of 1945 to 1953 saw a change in policy towards the containment of communism. The new direction led the  National Security Council to adopt a formal strategy that authorized a broad array of covert action strategies including “propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage.” 66 Their extent was limited only by “plausible deniability,” to ensure the concealment of US government involvement. Programs included the State Department’s           support of film, radio, art, and exchange programs, and the  Voice of America broadcasts.

  The new direction was spearheaded by a group known as the  Georgetown  Set or the  Wisner Gang, who, living in Washington, began meeting on a regular basis. The  Georgetown Set was centered around Charles “Chip”  Bohlen. Known as the “Sovietologists,” regular meetings took place at  Bohlen’s home in Georgetown with  George Kennan and  Isaiah Berlin. Kennan and Bohlen were among the six “wise men” of The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made, a 1986 book by Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, which describes the actions of a group of US government officials and members of the East Coast foreign policy establishment who, beginning in the 1940s, developed the containment policy of dealing with the Communist bloc, and crafted institutions and initiatives such as  NATO, the  World Bank, and the Marshall Plan. The six friends, who also included Dean Acheson, W.  Averell Harriman, Robert A. Lovett and John J. McCloy were important foreign policy advisors to U.S. presidents from Roosevelt to Lyndon B. Johnson.

  Berlin, the British philosopher of Russian-Jewish origin, was implicated in the early-1950s Kim Philby espionage scandal.  Kim Philby, the son of St. John “Abdullah” Philby, nicknamed after  Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim, was an    Officer  of the  Order  of the British Empire  (OBE) from            1946 to 1965, and a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a double  agent before finally defecting to the Soviet Union.  Philby            was among three  Cambridge graduates which brought the Cambridge Apostles to public attention following the exposure of a spy ring in 1951, which was found to have passed information to the KGB. Known as the Cambridge Five, the other members were Donald Maclean, former Apostle Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, and another            unidentified individual. Anthony Blunt, the  grand-nephew of    Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, was an  MI5  officer,     director  of the  Courtauld          Institute, and art adviser to the Queen. In 1963, American writer Michael Straight, also an Apostle, and later publisher of The New Republicmagazine, admitted to a covert relationship with the Soviets, and he named Anthony Blunt as his recruiter and a Soviet spy.            Of the five,  Philby            is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviet Union. His activities, however, were nevertheless suspected by Joseph  Stalin as secretly in the service of the British. Kimberley Cornish, in his controversial The Jew of Linz, makes the claim that Ludwig Wittgenstein was the éminence griseof the Cambridge spies.

  The early members of the group were former members of the OSS, and included Frank  Wisner, Philip Graham, David Bruce,  Tom Braden, Stewart Alsop and Walt Rostow. Over the next few years others like  George Kennan, Dean Acheson, Richard Bissell, Joseph Alsop, Eugene Rostow, Chip   Bohlen, Desmond FitzGerald, Tracy Barnes,   Cord Meyer, James Jesus Angleton, Averill Harriman, John  McCloy, Felix Frankfurter, John Sherman Cooper, James  Reston,  Allen Dulles and Paul Nitze joined their regular parties. Although somelike Bruce, Braden,   Bohlen, McCloy, Meyer and Harriman spent a lot of their time working in other countries, they would always attend these parties when in Georgetown.

  It was members of the  Georgetown Set that began lobbying for a new intelligence          agency. The     main   figure was Frank  Wisner. A Wall Street attorney from Mississippi, Dulles had appointed  Wisner as head of OSS operations in the Balkans, and he had commanded OSS detachments in Istanbul and Bucharest during World War II. With the help of another member, George Kennan,  the  Offi            ce of Special Projects was created  in  1948.            Wisner was appointed director of the organization. Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of      Policy Coordination ( OPC), which later became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the  CIA, newly created in 1947. Under  Wisner, the  OPC launched what amounted to a psychological operations program to undermine the spread of communism, and to promote American imperialism through the spread of “democracy.”

  Also in 1948, President Truman summoned Allen Dulles to be part of a working group tasked with making proposals on how the      work of the fledgling CIA could be improved. The group’s efforts resulted in National Security Report 50  (NCS50),  which for  the  most  part  reflected  Dulles’s  vision  of   employing covert operations as one of the   CIA’s central functions, and that Wisner’s   OPC should be incorporated directly into the  CIA. In 1950, Allen Dulles himself became chief of planning for the  CIA. Shortly thereafter, he became Deputy  CIA Director, and in 1953, was appointed Director of Central Intelligence. At that time, his brother John Foster Dulles was Secretary of State.

  In 1951, to better coordinate these efforts, Truman created the Psychological Strategy Board ( PSB). The  PSB was headed by  C.          D. Jackson,   the first Deputy Director of Central Intelligence at  CIA. In 1931, Jackson worked with  Skull and Bones member  Henry Luce at Timemagazine and served in the OSS during the World War II along with Frank  Wisner. From 1944 to 1945 Jackson was appointed Deputy Chief at the Psychological Warfare Division at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). After the war, Jackson became Managing Director of Time-Life International. The primary aim of the  PSB was to seek the breakup of the  Soviet Union through propaganda. Covert operations were not limited to the communist world, but included the “free world” as well. As Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Ian Johnson explains, “Put less euphemistically, the US government would secretly manipulate public opinion at home and in scores of other noncommunist countries.” 67

  To  Eisenhower, who continued the strategy adopted by  Truman, after coming into        office in 1953, “Psychological        warfare is the struggle for the minds   and wills of men.” He regarded it a “basic truth” that “humans are spiritual beings; they respond to the sentiment and emotions as well as to statistics and logic… The        minds of all  men are susceptible to outside influences.” 68 Wisner also established  Operation Mockingbird, a program to develop the CIA’s    influence over the      mainstream media.  Wisner asked Philip Graham of the Washington Postto run the project within the newspaper industry. C. D. Jackson and  Cord Meyer were also recruited. According to Deborah Davis, in Katharine the Great:  Katharine Graham and the Washington Post, “By the early 1950s, Wisner ‘owned’ respected members of the New York Times, Newsweek, CBSand other communications vehicles.” 69 One of the most important journalists  under the control of  Operation Mockingbird was Joseph Alsop of the New  York Herald Tribune, whose articles appeared in over 300 different newspapers.  Other journalists willing to promote the views of the  CIA included Ben  Bradlee (Newsweek), James Reston (New York Times), Walter Pincus (Washington Post), William C. Baggs (Miami News), Herb Gold (Miami News) and Charles Bartlett (Chattanooga Times). These journalists sometimes wrote articles that were unofficially commissioned         by Cord Meyer and based on leaked classified information from the   CIA.

  When  J. Edgar Hoover and  Joseph McCarthy began snooping into the CIA’s affairs, Wisner unleashed  Operation Mockingbird on them. Drew Pearson, Joseph Alsop, Jack Anderson, Walter Lippmann and Ed Murrow were all mobilized into attack, permanently damaging McCarthy’s reputation. After 1953 the network was overseen by  Allen Dulles. As revealed by famed journalist Carl Bernstein, of  Watergate fame, in an article entitled the  “ CIA and the Media,” executives who cooperated with the media included  William Paley of the CBS,   Henry Luce of Time Inc., Arthur Hays Sulzberger of the New York Times, Barry Bingham Sr. of the Louisville Courier-Journal, and James Copley of the Copley News Service. Other organizations included the ABC, the NBC, the Associated Press, United Press International, Reuters, Hearst Newspapers, Scripps-Howard, Newsweek, the Mutual Broadcasting System, the Miami Herald and the old Saturday Evening Postand New York Herald-Tribune.

  C. D. Jackson, who worked with Henry Luce at Timeand became Managing Director of Time-Life International after the war, was a key agent. Documents released after his death show that Jackson was in contact with a  CIA agent in Hollywood’s   Paramount   Studios, who was involved in trying to influence the content of the films the         company was making. Other studios, including MGM and RKO, had similar officers,    and were probably            CIA placements. In a private  letter to Sherman Adams, Jackson claims the role of these  CIA placements was “to insert in their scripts and in their action the right ideas with the proper subtlety.” 70 Jackson shared with   Henry Luce the nature of his relationship with famous directory Cecil B.   DeMille, which helps explain the very subtle methods used to deploy propaganda through entertainment.  DeMille was the Academy Award-winning       film producer  of  epics  like Cleopatra,  Samson and Delilah, The Greatest Show on Earth, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and The Ten Commandments. He related that  DeMille:

  Is very much on our side and… is quite rightly impressed with the Power of American films abroad. He has a theory, to which I subscribe completely,           that  the  most  effective use  of  American films  is not  to design an entire picture to cope with a certain problem, but rather to see            to it that in   a “normal” picture the right line,          aside, inflection, eyebrow movement, is introduced. He told me that any time I could  give  him a simple problem for  a country or an area, he would find a wayof dealing with it in a picture. 71 To  contain the   influence of  communism, the  CIA enrolled the support of the  “ non-communist left.” As communist or left-leaning intellectuals who were nevertheless opposed to the Stalinism of the  Soviet Union, they could be used to steer the political debate away from support for the Soviets. They were grouped under a  CIA project known as the  Congress for Cultural Freedom ( CCF). To fund the Congress and its other covert activities, the  CIA established many front organizations like the  Fairfield            Foundation, by way ofthe           Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations. From the early 1950s, according to the later findings of the Final Report of the Church Committee, using the cover of the foundations allowed the  CIA to fund “a seemingly limitless range of covert action programs affecting youth groups, labor unions, universities, publishing houses, and other private institutions.” 72

  Frances Stoner Saunders, the author of Who Paid the Piper? The  CIA and the Cultural  Co l d Wa r, documented that  the CCF was created under the auspices of  the Georgetown Set and a group of activists and planners headed by  Allen Dulles called “the Park Avenue Cowboys.” Dulles and his group comprised of Frank  Wisner,  C. D. Jackson,  Kermit Roosevelt, Tracy Barnes,  Richard  Helms, and Royall Tyler who would go on to head the  World Bank. The  Georgetown Set was centered around Charles “Chip”   Bohlen, who had spent many years in  Russia, and was posted after the war as Ambassador to  France where he helped direct the  CCF’s international secretariat. He was the mentor to Nicolas  Nabokov, the Soviet exile and composer who became General Secretary of  CCF. Kennan was instrumental in creating the secret intelligence apparatus which would run  CCF and was an influential participant in many of its symposia.   

  The  CCF was simultaneously the major overseas partner of the International Research Department (IRD), a section of Britain’s Foreign Office, designed to provide “a rival ideology to communism” by appealing to Christian ideals. The focus of the IRD was, now that the war was over, to discredit  Stalin though he had been celebrated as a powerful ally throughout the war. Adam Watson, the IRD’s second-in-command explained, “During the war, we had built up this man, though we knew he was terrible, because he was an ally. Now the question was, ‘How do we get rid of the Good Old Uncle Joe myth built up during the war?”73 The IRD’s purpose, according to Christopher “Monty” Woodhouse, a spy who was assigned to it in 1953, “was to produce and distribute and circulate attributable propaganda.” The IRD would provide “facts” to be regurgitated by the British intelligentsia. This meant, according to Watson, that although the IRD was allowed to attack both “the principles and practice of communism, and also the            inefficiency, social  injustice and moral weakness of unrestrained capitalism,” it was in no way to “attack or appear to be attacking any member of the Commonwealth or the United States.” 74

  Working for the IRD was Lord  Bertrand Russell, one of  five honorary chairmen of the  CCF, who admitted being happy to “receive little tidbits from time to time.” 75 Russell, the so-called peace-lover, had startled his admirers when he wrote an infamous article for the 1946 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientistsadvocating a preventive US atomic bomb strike on the  Soviet Union. Already, in 1946, following the events at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Russell had written similar sentiments to one of his numerous mistresses, Gamel Brenan: “There  is one thing and only one thing that can save the world, and that is a thing which I should not dream of advocating. It is that America should make war on  Russia during the next two years, and establish world empire by means of the atomic bomb.” 76

  One of the IRD’s most important early advisors was Arthur   Koestler, who was connected to the  Frankfurt School intellectuals and whose Darkness At Noon, which criticized the Soviets and established his reputation as an antiCommunist, was circulated under its auspices. The  CIA arranged for the printing 50,000 copies of the book through Luce’s Timemagazine.   Koestler was also the author of The Thirteenth Tribe, which proposed the errant theory widely popular in conspiracy circles that European  Jews were descendants of the  Khazars.

  The New York Times in 1977 related that the  CIA had been involved in the publication of at least a thousand books. Though the  CIA never revealed the list, it is known that books in which it had an involvement include Melvin  Lasky’s La Revolution Hongroise, translations of   T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Landand Four Quartets, Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivagoand new editions of  Machiavelli’s The Prince. In the mid-1950s, James  Michener used his career as an author as a cover for his work in eliminating radicals who had infiltrated one of the  CIA’s Asian operations.

 “Intellectuals, or a certain sort of intellectuals, have always had a romance about intelligence services,” remarked Carol Brightman. “It’s a kind of coming of age experience, going into the intelligence services, especially on certain campuses such as Yale.” 77 The intersection of artists and intelligence has a long tradition, with past examples including  Somerset Maugham working for the British Secret Service during  World War I,  Graham Greene working undercover for  MI5 and  Joseph Conrad for  MI6. Others also included  Ian Fleming and  John le Carré. James Jesus  Angleton,      who    became one of the founder-offi            cers of the CIA was a poet and, as a Yale undergraduate, editor of the literary magazine Furioso, which published many of the best-known poets of the inter-war period, including Ezra Pound, with whom he was friends. One of Angleton’s several protégés,  Cord Meyer, had edited the Yale Litand published short stories in the Atlantic Monthlybefore joining the   CIA. There was also  Howard Hunt, who wrote East of Farewell, Limit of Darkness, and Stranger in Town, which won him a  Guggenheim Fellowship.

  In 1948, aboard a ship crossing to America on his way to a lecture tour, Koestler met with  John Foster and  Allen Dulles and discussed how best to counter the Soviet propaganda. Once in America,  Koestler then met with Bill Donovan, one of the chief architects of the  CIA, to discuss the same.  Koestler established a working relationship with the  CIA, and together they targeted what the State Department called the “ Non-Communist Left.” In Europe they would target the Democratic Socialist movement, while in the US their focus of attack included many of the supporters of President Roosevelt’s New Deal.

  The president of the  CCF’s Executive Committee was Denis  de Rougemont. Denis  de Rougemont was the director of the cultural arm of the European Movement, the Centre European de la Culture. In addition, a large program of grants to students and youth associations including the European Youth Campaign (EYC) was incepted by Tom   Braden in 1950. As Saunders explained, “Responding to  CIA guidance, these organizations were at the cutting edge of a campaign of propaganda and penetration designed to draw the sting from leftwing political movements and generate acceptance of moderate  socialism.” 78

  De Rougemont, a Swiss national, had introduced Paris to the works of   Nazi philosopher Martin Heidegger, Soren  Kierkegaard, and Karl Barth before   World War II, through his magazine Hic et Nunc. De Rougemont wrote the classic work, Love in the Western World, which explores the psychology of love from the legend of Tristan and Isolde to   Hollywood. At the heart of his inquiry is what he regards as the inescapable  conflict in the West between marriage and passion.            Marriage is a formal convention associated with social and religious responsibility, while passion has its roots in the accounts of unrequited love celebrated by the troubadours of medieval Provence, acknowledging their debt to the  Sufis .   These  early poets, according to  de Rougemont, preached an  Eros-centered theology, by  which this mystical erotic tradition was inherited in the West.

  Koestler along with the  CIA’s Michael  Josselson and Melvin  Lasky planned the founding of the Berlin Congress in 1950 to launch  CCF.  Koestler also wrote the founding Manifesto adopted at that conference.  Lasky, an American, was an expert in cultural warfare and had been promoted by German High Commissioner John J.  McCloy. Based in Berlin,  Lasky ran Der Monat, a Germanlanguage anti-communist cultural journal which became a  CCF publication. Lasky was also the correspondent for New Leader of  Sol Levitas of the American branch of the  CCF, the American Committee for Cultural Freedom ( ACCF), as well as  Partisan Review. First serving as the voice of the American Communist Party, the  Partisan Reviewbecame staunchly anti-Communist after Stalin became leader of the  Soviet Union. Levitas was a protégé of  Allen Dulles and  C. D. Jackson, and provided intelligence reports from his international correspondents to  Henry Luce.

  In early 1951,  Wisner travelled to London to meet with his counterparts in Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS). Over a series of meetings it was decided to create a flagship intellectual journal for  CCF, which became known as  Encounter. It was agreed that the Americans and British would have joint oversight over the London-based magazine and joint funding.  Irving Kristol, executive director of the American branch of the  ACCF was chosen by  Sidney Hook to become co-editor with British  Fabian Stephen Spender.   Sidney Hook, first chairman of the American            Committee   for Cultural  Freedom ( ACCF), was then a contract consultant to the  CIA and liaised with director  Walter Bedell Smith and  PSB director Gordon Gray. Hook had been an early student at the Frankfurt School during his   Marxist youth in the 1920s. His From  Hegel to   Marxwas a compilation of lecture notes from the  Frankfurt School founder Karl Korsch, a leading Comintern operative at the time and later a close associate of  Bertrand Russell in launching the linguistics project today associated with MIT’s Professor Noam  Chomsky. 79

  While studying at Oxford, Spender was taken in by several leading literary personalities such as, according to his biographer David Leeming,  T. S. Eliot
and  Virginia  Woolf who served as surrogate parents; and  W. H. Auden and Christopher  Isherwood, both initiates of the  Children of the Sun, who served as older brothers.  Isherwood and Auden, who served as British intelligence operatives, were both homosexuals. Later living for a time in Weimar, Germany, Spender became a well-known poet but his poetry contained allusions to his pedophilic affairs. “Whatever happens,” he wrote, “I shall never be alone. I shall always have a boy, a railway fare, or a revolution.” 80

  At the outset,  Encounterran articles by  Julian Huxley, Allen Tate, Robert  Penn Warren,  W. H. Auden, Thornton Wilder, Jayaprakash Naryan, the Traditionalist historian Mircea  Eliade, Andre Malraux, and Guido Piovene. In Who Paid the Piper: The  CIA and the Cultural  Co l d Wa r, Frances Stonor Saunders revealed a broad list of intellectuals also on the  CIA payroll, including:  Isaiah Berlin, Lionel and Diana Trilling,  Julian Huxley, Robert Lowell,  Daniel Bell, Mary  McCarthy, Mark Rothko, Arthur   Schlesinger, and Edward Shils.

  In April of 1952,   CCF held a month-long festival in Paris entitled Masterpieces of the 20th Centuryorganized by  Nabokov. To convince the world of the superiority of America’s culture to that of the Soviets, the  CIA, over thirty days, sponsored American jazz artists, opera recitals, and European tours of the  Boston Symphony Orchestra. In 1967,  after Braden was designated to expose the Congress as a  CIA front, he wrote a famous article in the Saturday Evening Post, titled “I’m Glad the  CIA Is ‘Immoral’,”   in which he wrote:

  I remember the enormous joy I got when the  Boston Symphony Orchestra won more acclaim for the US in Paris than  John Foster Dulles or Dwight D.  Eisenhower could have bought with a hundred speeches. And then there was   Encounter, the magazine published in England and dedicated to the proposition that cultural achievement and political freedom were interdependent. Money for both the orchestra’s tour and the magazine’s publication came from the  CIA, and few outside of the  CIA knew about it. We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the  Congress for Cultural Freedom. Another agent became an editor of  Encounter. The agents could not only propose anti-Communist programs to the official leaders of the organizations but they could also suggest ways and means to solve the inevitable budgetary problems. Why not see if the needed money could be obtained from ‘American foundations’? As the agents knew, the  CIA-financed foundations were quite generous     when it came to the national interest.

  The  CIA also sponsored tours of African-American opera star  Leontyne Price to counter Soviet propaganda that not only could America not produce high culture, but that American  capitalism unfairly exploited and subjugated its Black population. Nabakov boasted to Arthur   Schlesinger, “I started her career and because of this she has always been willing to do things for me which she couldn’t do for anyone else.” Frank  Wisner’s sister also claimed to have discovered and helped Price, who referred to herself as the Wisners’ “chocolate sister.” 81

  The festival was used to showcase all the leading lights of the modernist movement. The conference opened with a performance by the Boston Symphony of the “ Rite of Spring,” by Igor  Stravinsky, Theodor  Adorno’s collaborator and close friend to  Aldous Huxley. Also getting top billing were  Adorno’s teachers, Schoenberg and Alban Berg, the leading creators of atonal music, as well as Paul Hindemeith and Claude Debussy. Other works performed were those by Gustav Mahler, Bela Bartok, Samuel Barber, Erik Satie, Francis Poulenc, and Aaron Copland, among            others. The   festival offered Paris its first productions       of Alban Berg’s Wozzeck, Benjamin Britten’s Billy Budd, and  Gertrude Stein’s and Virgil Thomson’s Four Saints in Three Acts. The Paris show included works by Matisse, Derain, Cezanne, Seurat, Chagall,  Kandinsky, and others regarded as masters of early-twentieth-century  modernism.

  The   definitive articulation of the pretentions of modernism was the  essay Avant-Garde and Kitschby New York art critic Clement Greenberg, published in 1939 in  Partisan Review,   later  to become affiliated with      the CIA. Greenberg  argued that  avant-garde culture has historically been opposed to “high” or “mainstream” culture, but also rejected the          artificially synthesized mass culture that has been produced by industrial  capitalism. Consumer culture, driven by the profit motive, not  the ideals of true   “art,” is therefore  kitsch. A similar view was argued by members of the  Frankfurt School, including Theodor  Adorno and Max  Horkheimer in their essay The Culture Industry:  Enlightenment as MassDeception(1944), and also   Walter  Benjamin  in  his            highly            influential The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1936). Instead of Greenberg’s kitsch, members of the  Frankfurt School coined the term “mass culture” to refer to the commercially produced culture of a newly emerged Culture industry, as the antithesis of  avant-garde culture.


  It was the  CIA that brought to prominence the new modern art movement of  Abstract Expressionism, including the works of Jackson   Pollock, Robert Motherwell, Willem de Kooning and Mark Rothko, whose works were all showcased at the Paris festival, at the modern art and sculpture exhibit organized by New York’s Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA). MoMA, which was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, the wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr, has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is often identified as         the most influential museum of       modern art in the world. MoMA became a project of their son Nelson Rockefeller, a trustee of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and played an important role in CCF and its art projects.  Nelson Rockefeller was a keen supporter of  Abstract Expressionism, calling it “free enterprise painting.” 82George  Kennan and  Allen Dulles were major supporters of modern art, and the  Fairfield    Foundation also funded  MoMA. Dulles’s personal liaison to the intelligence community who ran  CCF in Paris was Tom  Braden who had been  Nelson Rockefeller’s executive secretary for  MoMA from 1947 to 1949, before joining the  CIA. In  the 1950s,      Nelson received briefings        on covert activities from  Allen Dulles and Tom   Braden, who recalled, “I assumed Nelson knew pretty much everything about what we were doing.”  Nelson Rockefeller  had headed the government’s wartime intelligence agency for Latin America, named the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA), which, among other activities, sponsored exhibitions contracted through MoMA.