Modernism & the Avant-Garde Part
2
In 1919, the Roerichs moved to London where
they joined the local Theosophist scene dominated by Annie Besant. Fully immersed in Theosophical mysticism, the Roerichs became
consumed by millenarian expectations that a new age was imminent, and wished to
reach India as soon as possible. It was
in London, in March 1922, that the Roerichs founded their own school of occult thinking,
Agni Yoga, which they also referred to as “the system of living ethics.” A
successful exhibition led to an invitation from a director at the Chicago Art Institute,
offering to arrange for Roerich’s art to tour the United States. It was then
that Roerich met H. G. Wells and his
associated, British intellectual Alfred Richard
Orage. A friend of Aleister Crowley, Orage had worked with George Gurdjieff
after he had been recommended to him by P. D.
Ouspensky, and eventually became
Gurdjieff’s emissary to the United States. In 1931, in New York City, Achmed Abdulla, a.k.a. Nadir Kahn, confided to the Orage that he had met Gurdjieff in
Tibet, who was one and the same as Lama
Dordjieff.25
Orage had co-founded the Leeds Arts Club in 1903, which mixed the work
of radical thinkers like George Bernard
Shaw—whom Orage had met in 1898—as well as the philosophy of Nietzsche,
Feminism, Theosophy and art and poetry, to become a center of modernist culture
in pre-World War I Britain. Orage also personally knew Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead.
In 1907 Orage left Leeds and moved to London to edit the hugely influential
cultural and political journal The New
Age. Following his departure the Arts Club came under the sway of Frank Rutter,
the founder of the Allied Artists Association and newly appointed Director of
Leeds City Art Gallery, and Michael Sadler, the new Vice-Chancellor of the
University of Leeds. With the encouragement of
George Bernard Shaw, Rutter became a member of the Fabian Society. Under
their leadership the Arts Club maintained its interest in the relationship between radical politics,
spiritualism and art, but this was expanded to
encompass early psychoanalysis and, most significantly,
abstract art. Using his personal links with Wassily Kandinsky in Munich, Sadler built up a
remarkable collection of expressionist and abstract expressionist art at a time
when such art was either unknown or dismissed in London.
Aldous Huxley, along with George Orwell, was the protégé of H. G. Wells, under whose tutelage he was
first introduced to Aleister Crowley. 26
Huxley also expressed his interest in
Theosophy, by noting that, despite its errors, it was “a good enough
religion,” and that “a little judicious theosophy seems on the whole an excellent
thing.”27After studying at Balliol, Oxford, Huxley taught French at Eton, where
George Orwell and Stephen Runciman were
among his pupils. During World War I,
Huxley spent time among the Bloomsbury
set which included Bertrand Russell and
Clive Bell. Huxley and his wife Maria Nys lived in Italy in the 1920s, where Huxley would visit
his friend D. H. Lawrence. Following
Lawrence’s death in 1930, Huxley edited Lawrence’s letters (1933).
Huxley’s conception of the possibilities of
drugs was shaped from his interest in
William James. In 1932, Huxley wrote his most famous novel, Brave New
World, a dystopia set in London in the twenty-sixth century, the entire planet
is united as The World State, a peaceful world government established in the
aftermath of an apocalyptic global war in the twenty-first century. Warfare and poverty have been
eliminated and everyone is permanently happy by being kept immersed in promiscuous
sex and the use of a drug called Soma.
The name Somais telling of Huxley’s
occult tendencies, as it is the same as the narcotic drug mentioned in the
Rigveda and once used for occult purposes by the ancient Zoroastrian
Magi .
In 1937, Huxley moved to Hollywood with his
wife Maria, son Matthew, and friend Gerald Heard. Huxley became interested in spiritual
subjects such as parapsychology and philosophical mysticism. In 1938 Huxley
befriended Krishnamurti whose teachings he greatly admired. Like Huxley, Heard
and their friend Christopher Isherwood, another member of the Children of the Sun, were also interested in
the teachings of Gurdjieff. Beginning in
1939 and continuing until his death in 1963, Huxley had an extensive
association with the Vedanta Society of
Southern California, founded and headed by Swami Prabhavananda, of the
Ramakrishna Order founded by
Vivekananda and his master
Ramakrishna. A key figure in the
introduction of Indian philosophies of
Vedanta and Yoga to the western world,
Vivekananda attracted several followers and admirers such as William James, Nikola Tesla, Sarah Bernhardt,
Nicholas and Helena Roerich, among many
others. Prabhavananda as well was able to attract an illustrious following
which included Igor Stravinsky, Laurence
Olivier, Vivien Leigh and W. Somerset Maugham, which led to his writing The
Razor’s Edge.
Together with Gerald Heard, Christopher Isherwood,
and other followers Huxley was initiated as well by Prabhavananda and were
taught meditation and other mystical Hindu practices. Inspired by the
universalist teachings of Vivekananda, as well as Sir John Woodroffe (Arthur Avalon), Huxley set out to translate Indian ideas into
Western literary and intellectual culture with the writing of The Perennial
Philosophy (1945), an anthology of short passages taken from traditional
Eastern texts and the writings of Western mysticism. Huxley’s book insists on
the truth of the occult, suggesting that there are realities beyond the
generally accepted “five senses.” “Perennial Philosophy” is another name for prisca theologiaof
the Renaissance mystics or the Traditionalism developed by René Guénon. Mirroring the teachings of Guénon, who is quoted in the book, Huxley
explains: “rudiments of the Perennial Philosophy may be found among the
traditionary [sic] lore of primitive peoples in every region of the world, and in
its fully developed forms it has a place in every one of the higher religions.”
28 Huxley relates that the doctrine that God can be incarnated in human form is
found in most of the principal historic expositions of the Perennial Philosophy
in Hinduism, in Mahayana Buddhism, in
Christianity and among the Sufis
.
The protocols of Zion Part 1
In the West, we live in societies that tout
their greatest virtue as that of defending “freedom,” by comparing themselves
favorably to the stifling tyrannies enforced under the former communist
regimes. However, the appearance of tolerance is offered under a pretense of
“free speech,” by giving voice to a great variety of opinions, both political
and religious, but with one very notable exception: Zionist influence
in Western countries has been successful
to the extent that any mention of undue
Jewish influence or criticism of the state
of Israel is equatedwith “anti-Semitism.” To that effect, “hate laws” have been
implemented in most countries, opening up the slippery slope of censorship. The
irrational fear that is elicited is the absurdity that any criticism of the Jewish
people risks to revive the kind of anti-Semitism that could again lead to
genocide.
Rather, sometimes Jews do evil, and sometimes
Jews do great things. They are no worse or better than any other people. The
tragic fact that such a patently obvious truth needs to be reiterated points to
the grossly excessive nature of the paranoia about “anti-Semitism” that has
been created. But, it is not “racism” to point to the errors committed by some
Jews. Instead, the true error is to blame all Jews for the crimes of some Jews.
And that was the great absurdity perpetrated by Hitler. Nevertheless, the
specter of an ant-Semitism, of a virulence like that of the Nazis, is used to
denounce any criticism of “Jews,” thus protecting the nefarious actions of certain
Zionists from exposure.
Essentially, the main accomplishment of World
War I was to free Arab lands from the Ottoman Empire, leading to the creation
of the Saudi state the lynchpin in the control of world politics through
oil—and freeing Palestine from Ottoman control. At the conclusion of World War
II, as a result of the appalling
revelations of Hitler’s massacre of millions of innocent Jews, the
rest of the
world was moved by compassion to concede to the creation of the Zionist state
of Israel, as a final solution to the centuries-old “Jewish
question.” As Norman Cohn described them, Hitler’s “warrant for genocide,” were
the notorious Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. 1 The Holocaust is one
of the great tragedies of history. The utter barbarity of the catastrophe is
that Hitler was purportedly eradicating the menace of an insidious worldwide
“Jewish conspiracy,” which the Protocolsdescribed, but by sweeping through the
ghettos to purge them of simple merchants, artisans, craftsmen, of women,
children and the elderly, all innocent, and completely exempting the ultra-powerful
Jewish bankers and industrialists, that would otherwise have been deemed responsible
for the conspiracy.
More disturbing is the apparent plot that involved
the Nazis in collusion with these same
Jewish industrialists in a Machiavellian plan to bring about worldwide
condemnation of Nazi anti-Semitism,
seemingly, to create the sentiments for the acceptance of the Zionist plan of establishing the Jewish state
of Israel.
As paradoxical as it would appear, the devious
plot was perpetrated by Frankists, among whom, as historian Abraham Duker
indicated, anti-Semitism was characteristic, as they despised other Jews because they were seen to stubbornly
adhere to the Torah, and out of resentment for the persecution they were made
to endure as heretics. Frankists believe
themselves the superior sect, having superseded the traditional interpretations
of Bible-believing Jews, who were unwilling, in their minds, to
accept the legitimacy of Sabbatei Zevi as the prophesied messiah or his
teachings. Inter-religious rivalry is of course common among all faiths. And
though it is not commonly recognized as occurring among Jews, such
conflicts have often existed in other religions, such as the battles
between the Sunni and Shia of Islam, or of course the Protestants against
Catholics, who not only regard their enemies as outside the pale of the faith,
but a greater threat than unbelievers themselves. A similar belligerence would
have been adopted by the Frankists,
though pursued through more covert methods.
Rabbi Antelman, in To Eliminate the Opiate,
pointed out that the Frankists were the source of Machiavellian plotting
against Bible-believing Jews, whom they despised for what they regarded as
stubborn adherence to the age-old teachings of
Judaism, just as they did all religions, of which they aimed the
complete overthrow. Rabbi Antelman’s research has demonstrated that
Sabbateanism was introduced on a large-scale to
Judaism principally through the Reform and Conservative movements, as
well as Zionist-leaning organizations
like the American Jewish Congress, the World Jewish Congress and the B’nai B’rith. In his praise of Rabbi
Antelman’s work, journalist Barry Chamish explains: “its crowning achievement
was to prove that Jews are the chief
victims of the New World Order, not its
chief promulgators. However, that is not to say that Judaism lacks powerful traitors.” 2
Theodor
Herzl (1860 – 1904), the father of
modern political Zionism, and in
effect the State of Israel, sought a
return to Israel as an alternative to assimilation
and to escape mounting anti-Semitism at
the end of the nineteenth century. However, as
Zionism was originally a secular movement, it rejected Jewish tradition,
but nevertheless employed Jewish themes of redemption to resonate with
other Jews. Traditionally, a Jew was
considered one who adhered to the Jewish
faith. Through the influence of Zionism,
however, being a “Jew” has become a nationality, identified merely with Jewish ancestry, and
could be applied to an atheist as much as a believer. Thus, reflecting the
Frankist inspired secularizing influences
and rejection of Judaism,
Zeev Jabotinsky wrote in HaAretz in
1919, “In the national home, we’ll declare those Jews who fail to rid themselves of the rust
of exile, and refuse to shave their beards and side-locks, second-class
citizens. We will not give them the right to vote.” 3 As noted by the authors
of a documentary in Hebrew titled, Herzl
and Zionism, “In fact, the Zionists used
religious terminology to make the observant
Jews enthusiastic about the
Zionist concept, while their actual intention was as a state which would
defy every principle of the religion.” 4
As outlined in his diaries, Herzl sought
to deliberately inflame
antiSemitism. Referring to the myth about “the
Jews” that became typical of Nazi
anti-Semitism, he said, “the wealthy
Jews control the world. In their hands lies the fate of the governments
and nations. They set governments one against the other, and by their decree
governments make peace. When the wealthy
Jews play, the nations and the rulers dance. One way or the other, they
get rich.” 5 He suggested, “Indeed
anti-Semitism, a powerful and deep-rooted strength of mass-sub-consciousness
will not harm the Jews. I find it helps build the
Jewish character—group edification of the masses—an education good for bringing
about its assimilation. The assimilation is achieved only through troubles. The
Jews will adapt.” 6 He therefore concluded, “An excellent idea enters my mind, to
attract outright anti-Semites, and make them destroyers of Jewish wealth.” 7
This specter of a Jewish conspiracy was precisely
the motivating factor employed by Hitler
to justify the perpetration of the
Holocaust. Disturbingly, as pointed out by Norman Finkelstein in the
Holocaust Industry, the painful memory of that tragedy has been cynically
exploited by Zionists to foster continuing support of Zionist imperialist ambitions. The direct
result of the Holocaust was to provide
justification for the fulfillment of the long-term
ambition of the Zionists, the creation of the state of Israel, believed to prepare the way for the
coming of the Messiah. That Messiah, according to the Sabbateans, was Sabbatai Zevi. But Zevi was
believed to return in many guises, one of them being Napoleon, and
Hitler as well, with his pan-European ambitions for the creation of
a millenarian thousand-year Reich, seems also, absurdly,to have fit into these aspirations.
As is popularly known, there had been widespread
rumors that Hitler was himself Jewish.
Such a claim was put forward by a prominent New York City attorney named
Jerrold Morgulas, in The Torquemada Principal, while still other theories suggested Hitler was the illegitimate grandchild of
a Rothschild. But, according to Rabbi
Antelman, these theories are incorrect. Rather, he claims, Hitler was the
deliberate creation of a ritual participated in by his mother, Klara Polzl, and
a Sabbatean Frankist. The ritual was held on the 9th of
Av, known as Tisha B’av, which is observed by
Jews as a fast day commemorating the destruction of the First and Second
Temples, but commemorated by Frankists as Sabbatai Zevi’s birthday, on which they celebrate
with their sex rites. 8
In fact,
Hitler’s Jewish and African ancestry has
been confirmed through recent genetic studies. 9 Like Napoleon,
Hitler belonged to the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b, which is rare in Germany
and even Western Europe. According to Ronny Decorte, genetics expert at
Katholieke Universiteit Leuvenwho sampled
Hitler’s current living relatives, “the results of this study are
surprising” and “ Hitler would not have been happy.” 10 E1b1b is presently found
in various forms in the Horn of Africa, North Africa, parts of Eastern, Western,
and Southern Africa, West Asia, and Europe, especially the Mediterranean Spain and the Balkans. E1b1b is quite common
amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, where a significant proportion of Jewish male lineages are E1b1b1, including that of Albert Einstein. E1b1b1, which accounts for
approximately 18% to 20% of Ashkenazi and up to 30% of Sephardi Y-chromosomes,
appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.11
As Abraham Duker noted, given the extent of
their assimilation into Christian societies, “It is not by accident that
the Nazi encyclopedia, Sigilla Vreihad
nothing to say about the Frankists.
Evidently the Nazi genealogists
preferred to leave them alone, fearful that such revelations might embarrass
many persons of importance.” 12 Contrary to conventional views, Mark Rigg,
author of Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers,
reveals that a surprisingly large number of German military men were classified by the Nazis as Jews or
“partial- Jews” (Mischlinge) in the wake of
racial laws first enacted in the
mid-1930s. Numerous “exemptions” were made
in order to allow a soldier to stay in the service or to spare his family or other
relatives from incarceration or extermination.
Hitler’s own signature can be found on many of these “exemption” orders.
Rigg demonstrates that the actual number was far higher than previously suspected,
being perhaps as many as 150,000 Jewish men who served in the Nazi regime,
including decorated veterans and high-ranking officers, even generals and admirals.
In Adolf
Hitler: Founder of Israel,
Hennecke Kardel quotes a book called Before Hitler Came, by a German Jew named
Dietrich Bronder, which claims that not only
Hitler, but his leading associates were all also Jewish:
Of Jewish descent, or being related to Jewish
families were: the Leader and Reichschancelor Adolf Hitler; his representatives the Reichsminister Rudolf Hess; the Reichsmarshall Hermann
Goering; the Reichsleader of the NSDAP Gregor Strasser, Dr. Josef Goebbels, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank,
Heinrich Himmler; the Reichsminister von
Ribbentrop (who pledged close friendship with the famous Zionist Chaim Weizmann, the first head of the State of Israel who died in 1952); von Keudell;
field commanders
Globocnik (the Jewish destructor); Jordan and Wilhelm Hube; the great SS-Leaders Reinhard Heydrich, Erich von dem
Bach-Zelewski and von Keudell II, who also were active in the destruction
of Jews. 13
Much as
Herzl had outlined, the notion of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy was laid
out in the notorious Protocols of the
Learned Elders of Zion, which purported to represent the minutes of a meeting
of Jewish elders, who described a Jewish Freemasonic conspiracy to establish a
one-world tyranny to be governed by the “King of the Jews.” The
Protocols were first published in
1905 by Professor Sergei Nilus, an official of the Department of
Foreign Religions in Moscow. He claimed to have received his copy in 1901 through
an acquaintance of his, who assured him it was a faithful translation of the
original documents, which a woman had
stolen from one of the highest and most influential leaders of the Freemasons at a secret meeting somewhere in France.
Nilus later claimed in 1917 to have learned from authoritative sources
that the Protocolswere a strategic plan
presented by Theodor Herzl to the First
Zionist Congress, held in 1897 in Basel, Switzerland. 14
When Victor Marsden, Russian correspondent
for The London Morning Post, first translated the Protocolsinto English in 1920, they were widely accepted
as
genuine by a
large segment of eminent diplomats and statesmen. The Times of London called
for “an impartial investigation.” The Morning Post, Marsden’s newspaper,
carried twenty-three articles dealing with the
Protocolsand the role of Jews in
world affairs, and also called for an investigation. Lord Sydenham, an avid
promoter of the Protocols, writing in
The Spectatorremarked like many others as to the way “prophecies” put forward
in the Protocolswere being “now
literally fulfilled…” and also
called for an investigation into the
origins. Finally, in August 1921,
The Timespublished an article by its Constantinople reporter, Philip Graves, who
claimed to have determined the
Protocolsto be a forgery. Graves claimed to have met a White Russian
landowner in 1921, referred to only as “Mr. X,” who had connections to the Okhrana in Constantinople, and who told him
that he knew the Protocolsto be a
plagiarism from a rare old French book.
Suspiciously, according to his biographer
Peter Grose, it was Allen Dulles, who
was in Constantinople developing relationships in post- Ottoman political structures,
who discovered “the source” provided to The Times. 15Dulles, a president of
the CFR, later to become the most famous
head of the CIA, and cultivate intimate
ties with the Nazis, was the ultimate
intriguer. He was the grandson of John Watson Foster, Secretary of State under
President Benjamin Harrison, and nephew to Robert Lansing, Wilson’s Secretary of State. After graduating
from Princeton, he joined the diplomatic service at the outset of World War I,
where he eventually topped the list of civilian candidates for Colonel House’s
plan to use the United States relief program in Europe after the war as cover
for intelligence activities. As a diplomat, Dulles incepted his career as a spy
gathering intelligence information from various European countries where he was
posted.
The rare book turned out to be a work of 1864
by Maurice Joly titled Dialogue in Hell
Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu. Joly’s book was an attack on the
political ambitions of Napoleon III who,
represented by Machiavelli, plots to
rule the world. Joly was imprisoned in
France for fifteen months as a direct result of his book’s publication. Graves then discovered
what he thought were numerous parallels with it, leading him to conclude that
much of the Protocolswere paraphrased
from it. According to Norman Cohn’s analysis of the text, in Warrant for
Genocide:
In all, over 160 passages in the Protocols, totaling
two fifths ofthe entire text, are clearly based on passages in
Joly; in nine of the chapters the borrowings amount to more than half of the
text, in some they amount to three quarters, in one (Protocol VII) to almost
the entire text. Moreover with less than a dozen exceptions the order of the
borrowed passages remains the same as it was in Joly, as though the adaptor had
worked through the Dialoguemechanically, page by page copying straight into his
‘protocols’ as he proceeded. Even the arrangement in chapters is much the
same—the twenty-four chapters of the
Protocolscorresponding roughly with the twenty-five of the Dialogue. Only towards the end,
where the prophecy of the Messianic Age
predominates, does the adaptor allow himself any real independence of his
model. It is in fact as clear a case of plagiarism - and of faking - as one
could well desire. 16
Another proposed source of the Protocolsis a chapter from Biarritz, an 1868
novel by the anti-Semitic German novelist Hermann Goedsche. Biarritz contains a chapter titled
“The Jewish Cemetery in Prague and the Council of Representatives of the Twelve
Tribes of Israel,” in which Goedsche depicts a clandestine nocturnal meeting of members of a
mysterious rabbinical cabal that is planning a diabolical “Jewish conspiracy.”
The chapter closely resembles a scene
in Alexandre Dumas’ The Queen’s Necklace,
published in 1848, where Cagliostro, chief of the Unknown Superiors, among whom are Swedenborg, arranges the Affair of the
Diamond Necklace. As Umberto Eco noted,
the plans revealed are approximately the same as described in 1880 by the Revue
des Etudes Juives, which published two
letters attributed to Jews of the fifteenth century. But as Victor Marsden
has indicated, it was an account in fact reproduced in 1608 by Julio-Inigues de
Medrano’s La Silva Curiosa.In Goedsche’s
version, at midnight, the Devil himself appears to contribute his opinions and
insight. The assembled figures each represent the twelve tribes of Israel who report on their activities during
the century. Among them the Levite announces that Israel is rising again, thanks to the gold
which has fallen into her hands, and can now look forward to a near future when
the whole earth will belong to them. The representative of Reuben reports that
through the stock exchanges the Jews have
managed to place all the governments of Europe in their debt and are thereby
able to control them. 17
Suspiciously, all such works appeared in the pivotal
years between 1859 and 1869. This was not long after secret societies had become
intensely active, and a number of works directed against Jews and secret societies began to appear. The
period began with the Year of
Revolutions of 1848, followed by the activities of Mazzini and the Carbonari, leading up to the creation of the
Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Joly was a protégé of Adolphe Cremieux, the head of the Alliance Israëlite Universelle and the Order of Zion, as well as Grand Master
of Scottish Rite Freemasonry and
Supreme Council of the Order of Misraïm.
Joly and Cremieux, like the Carbonari, with whom he shared connections,
despised Napoleon III.
Nesta Webster noted that, in addition to the
parallels found by Graves, there were two additional ones which also belong to
this time period. One was from the program of
Bakunin who founded his Alliance Social Democratiqueon the lines of Weishaupt’s Illuminati, and in 1869 wrote his
Polemic Against the Jewsin which he
refers to the Jews as “the most
formidable sect” in Europe. 18 His colleague,
Netchaieff, arrived at the conclusion that “in order to found a serious and indestructible society one must take for
a basis the policy of Machiavelli.”19 The
other was from Jacques-Cretineau Joly,
in 1859, where he reproduced documents
of the Alta Venditain which he
criticized the Jewish leadership of “the secret societies.” The work was mainly
directed against the Jews of the
International Working Men’s Association, which Karl Marx had formed by consolidating a number of
secret societies. 20 Nesta Webster further lists another work that appeared in
1869, titled The Jews, Judaism, and the Judaification of Christian
Peopleby Gougenot des Mousseaux, with
particular emphasis on the Alliance Israëlite Universelleand “universal” Freemasonry, “sharing a single life, and
animated by the same soul.”
According to
des Mousseaux, the first practitioners of the Kabbalah were
the sons of Cain, who after the flood were succeeded
by the sons of Ham, who became the Chaldeans. They passed their secret on to
the Jews who in turn influenced the
Gnostics, the Manicheans, and the Assassins. They transmitted their diabolical
cult to the Templars who handed it to
the Freemasons, where at all times
the Jews were the Grand Masters.
According to des Mousseaux, the chief
symbols of this cult of Lucifer were the
serpent and the phallus, with rituals including sexual orgies. By murdering
Christian children, the Jews, who were witches, acquired demonic power. Finally, in
the last chapter of his book, the Antichrist would be a Jewish king who all
nations would accept as savior and ruler of a one-world government.
…the
Jews will raise up a man with a genius for political imposture, a sinister
bewitcher around whom fanatical multitudes will cluster. The Jews will hail
this man as the Messiah, but he will be
more than that. After destroying the authority of Christianity, he will unite mankind in one
great universal brotherhood and bestow on it a superabundance of material
goods. For these great services, the Gentile nations will accept him, exalt
him, and worship him as a god—but in reality, for all his apparent benevolence,
he will be Satan’s instrument for the
perdition of mankind. 21
In the same year, both des Mousseaux and Bakunin had described a leak of information
from secret societies. In 1870, Bakunin
explains that his secret society had to be disbanded because of it. Des
Mousseaux had also reported in The Jewthat in December of 1865, he had received
a letter from a German statesman to the effect:
Since the revolutionary recrudescence of
1848, I have had relations with a Jew who, from vanity, betrayed the secret of
the secure societies which he had been associated, and who warned me eight or
ten days before hand of all the revolutions which were about to break out at any
point of Europe. I owe to him the unshakeable conviction that all these
movements of “oppressed peoples,” etc., etc., are devised by half a dozen
individuals, who give their orders to the secret societies of all Europe. The
ground is absolutely mined beneath our feet, and the Jews provide a large contingent of these
miners… 22
So while the
Protocolsmay have been in part plagiarized from the work of Joly, he may
in turn have derived his information from some other source. Joly was also accused of plagiarizing a
popular novel by Eugene Sue, Les Mystères de Par is. According to Lord Alfred
Douglas in Plain Englishin 1921, Joly was a Jew and his real name was Moses
Joel. A similar accusation was made by Kerry Bolton in The Protocols of Zion In Context, where Joly’s
real name was Joseph Levy, and he was a lifelong Freemason and a member of the
Rite of Misraïm. Joly, a protégé of Cremieux, was a friend of Victor Hugo, himself a friend of Saint-Yves
and Bulwer-Lytton’s son, the Earl of Lytton. Both were purported members
of the Rosicrucians. 23 Joly’s work is
also predated by another of Cremieux’s protégés, Jacob Venedy, entitled, Machiavelli,
Montesquieu, Rousseau. Venedy was
also claimed to have been a Jew, a Freemason, a communist and a friend of Karl Marx.24
It is the
Misraïm lodge that seems to have been the origin of what eventually became
known as the Protocols, as they emerged
from the Theosophical circles in connection with Russian intelligence in Paris.
In the mid 1930s, Russian testimony in the
Berne Trial linked the head of the Russian security service in Paris,
Pyotr Rachkovsky, to the emergence of the
Protocols. It was the selling of the
Protocolsby the National Front that led to the Berne Trial, a famous trial held in Berne, Switzerland
between 1933 and 1935, which caused an international sensation. The plaintiffs
were the Swiss Jewish Association and the Jewish Community of Berne, who sued
the Bund Nationalsozialistischer Eidgenossen(BNSE). The defendants were
financed in their defense by
Nazi agents working for the German government. Theodor Fritsch of the National
Front declared the Protocolsgenuine, and
as having been produced during the
First Zionist Congress at Basel,
and cited what he regarded as incriminating testimony from Rabbi Marcus Ehrenpreis (1869 –1951) from Stockholm Synagogue. As reported by
Victor Marsden, Ehrenpreis is to have said earlier in 1924:
Long have I been well acquainted with the
contents of the Protocols, indeed for
many years before they were ever published in the Christian press, The Protocols of the Elders of Zionwere in point
of fact not the original Protocols at all, but a compressed extract of the
same. Of the 70 Elders of Zion, in the matter of origin and of the existence of
the original Protocols, there are only ten men in the entire world who know.
I participated with Dr. Herzl in
the first Zionist Congress which was held
in Basle in 1897. Herzl was the most prominent figure
at the Jewish World Congress. Herzl foresaw, twenty years before we experienced
them, the revolution which brought the Great War, and he prepared us for that
which was to happen. He foresaw the splitting up of Turkey, that England would
obtain control of Palestine. We may expect
important developments in the world. 25
Experts Arthur Baumgarten and C. A. Loosli
declared the Protocolsas a plagiarism
and a forgery produced by helpers of the Tsarist Russian Okhrana, to promote anti-Semitic feelings
during the time of the Pogroms, and in particular for influencing Tsar Nicholas II against any moves
towards modernizing and industrializing
Russia by identifying such policies as Jewish-inspired. However, anti-Semitic
expert Ulrich Fleischhauer claimed that they were genuine but of `uncertain
authorship, possibly composed by the Jewish author Ahad Haam.
Ahad Haam was the pen name of Asher Zvi
Hirsch Ginsberg, one of the foremost pre-state
Zionist thinkers, who was said to have been a member of the Alliance Israëlite Universelle. 26 Ginsberg’s
originally Hebrew version would have been translated into Russian, and finally French for the members of the
Alliance Israëlite Universelle, and passed at a secret meeting of B’nai B’rith which purportedly took
place in 1897 during the first Zionist
Congress at Basel.27 Many authors maintain that it was Matvei Golovinski, the
agent of Rachkovsky who, in Paris in the early 1900s, authored the first edition of the Protocols. 28
His father, Vasili Golovinski was a friend of
Fyodor Dostoyevsky. However, in his book The Non-Existent Manuscript: A Study
of the Protocols of the Sages of Zion,
Italian academic Cesare De Michelis writes that the hypothesis of Golovinski
authorship was based on statements by Princess Catherine Radziwill, who was
known to be an unreliable source. She claimed to have seen the manuscript of
the Protocolswritten by Golovinsky, Rachkovsky and Manusevich in 1905, but in 1905 Golovinsky
and Rachkovsky had already left Paris and moved to Saint-Petersburg. 29 In
his 2001 book, The Question of the
Authorship of “The Protocols of the
Elders of Zion,” a Ukrainian scholar Vadim Skuratovsky provides evidence that
Charles Joly, a son of Maurice Joly,
visited Saint Petersburg in 1902 and that he and Golovinsky worked together at
Le Figaro in Paris.
Skuratovsky also traces the influences
of Dostoyevsky’s prose, in particular The Grand Inquisitorand The Possessed, on
Golovinsky’s writings, including the
Protocols.
The purported forgers in Rachkovsky’s circle were also said to have
made use of an earlier version of the
Protocolsdiscovered by Papus, the
leading proponent of synarchism, who was a member of the Hermetic
Brotherhood of Luxor and Grand Master of the lodge of Memphis- Misraïm.30 In 1920, a Russian
language newspaper, the Organ of the Democratic Idea, published an article that
asserted that Papus had undertaken a special tour through Europe and collected
information on Masonic circles. Papus had reported on a conspiracy on the
part of one of his protégés, the mystic
Maître Philippe and his supporters, against Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
Papus shared a series of
Protocols of the sittings of the secret
Masonic Lodges, who had sworn to destroy the Russian imperial family. 31
In 1901, Papus also collaborated with an
anti-Semitic journalist, Jean Carrere in a series of articles published in the Echo de Paris about
a secret financial
syndicate opposed to
French and Russian relations. Their attacks were directed at important figures in the Russian government, specifically Rachkovsky and his sponsor, Count Sergei Witte, a cousin to Blavatsky, as well as close ally of Prince
Ukhtomskii, a sponsor of Lama Dorjieff. 32 According to Papus:
It does not see
that in all conflicts whether arising
within or between nations, there are at the side of the apparent actors hidden movers
who by their self-interested calculations make these conflicts inevitable….
Everything which happens in the confused
evolution of nations is thus prepared in secret with the goal of securing the
supremacy of a few men; and it is these few men, sometimes famous, sometimes
unknown, who must be sought behind all public events.Now, today, supremacy is
ensured by the possession of gold. It is the financial syndicates who hold at this moment the secret threads of European politics…
A
few years ago
there was
thus founded in
Europe a financial syndicate, today all-powerful,
whose supreme aim is to monopolise all the markets of the world, and which in
order to facilitate its activities has to acquire political influence. 33
Umberto Eco points out in Foucault’s Pendulumthat Rachkovsky seems to be connected to the
Comte St. Germain. Although Eco’s is a work of fiction, intended to mock the tendencies of
conspiracy theorists to pull together strings of coincidences to fabricate
insidious plots, K. Paul Johnson has suggested that Blavatsky’s “ascended masters” were real
people, such as Jamal ud Din al Afghan and Max
Theon, and so on. It was St.
Germain who was said to have initiated Count
Cagliostro into Egyptian
Rite Freemasonry, from which the Rites
of Memphis and Misraïm descended.34 Among his numerous aliases, St. Germain had assumed the identity Rakoczi,
at least according to the ambassador in Dresden of Frederick II of Prussia, the
Grand Master of Scottish Rite
Freemasonry. St. Germain was reputedly the son of Francis II Rakoczi, the Prince of
Transylvania, who was the grandson of
George II Rakoczi and Sophia Bathory, two families who employed the
emblem of the Order of the Dragon.35 And as Eco points out, Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel, grandson to King George II of
England, and the Grand Master of the
Asiatic Brethren, at whose residence
St. Germain was supposed to have died, said that St. Germain was of
Transylvanian origin and his name was Rackoczi. And, Comenius, the Rosicrucian of the Hartlib Circle, dedicated his Pansophiaeto a landgrave
named Ragovsky.
Some esoteric groups regard St. Germain as having been the High priest of Atlantis 13,000 years ago; to have been the
magician Merlin; a reincarnation of Christian Rosenkreutz; to have written the works of
Shakespeare or to have been Francis Bacon. Others credit him with inspiring the
Founding Fathers to draft the US Declaration of Independence and the
Constitution, as well as providing the design of the Great Seal of the United States. Both Blavatsky and her pupil Annie Besant claimed to have met the Count. In the
works of their successor Alice A.
Bailey, St. Germain is called Master Rakoczi or simply Master R, where his
spiritual title is said to be Lord of Civilization, whose task is the
establishment of the new civilization of the
Age of Aquarius. Bailey stated that
“sometime after AD 2025,” the Jesus, the Master Rakoczi, Kuthumi, and others in the
Spiritual Hierarchy would “externalize,” by descending from the spiritual
worlds, and interact in visible tangible bodies.
Blavatsky was also closely acquainted with
another Rachovsky agent, Yuliana Glinka,
to whom is most often attributed the role of having procured the earliest copy
of the Protocolsfor Nilus. Glinka was the granddaughter of a colonel
whose Masonic affiliations had led to
his arrest for involvement in the Carbonari-inspired Decembrists’ plot of 1825
against Tsar Nicholas I. 36 Yuliana’s father, Dmitri Feodorovich Glinka became a general and entered the diplomatic service and, as a result, she
spent time in Portugal and Brazil where
she became acquainted with Candomblé, a
Brazilian version of Caribbean Santería. Through family connections Yuliana got
a position as maid of honor to Tsaritsa Maria Alexandrovna, Empress consort of
Alexander II of Russia. She spent most
of her time in Paris where she attended séances and consorted with the
disciples of Eliphas Lévi. She became
involved with Rachkovsky through her uncle, General Orzheyevsky. She also later
joined the Theosophical Society and became a personal companion to Blavatsky. 37 Like Blavatsky, Glinka became a disciple of the Hidden
Masters.38
According to Bolton and Marsden, in 1844,
Yuliana Glinka hired Joseph Schorst-Shapiro,
a member of Joly’s Misraïm Lodge, to
obtain sensitive information, purchasing from him a copy of the Protocols. 39 Glinka subsequently gave them
to a friend who passed them on to Nilus.
Thus Nilus’ cohort George Butmi de
Katzman claimed: “the aforementioned
Protocolswere taken from the acts of the
Masonic Lodge of the Egyptian of ‘Mizraim’ rite, into which above all the
Jews enter.”40 The Protocols were
first mentioned in the Russian press in
April 1902, by the Saint Petersburg newspaper, Novoye Vremya. The article, written
by a famous conservative publicist Mikhail Menshikov, “reported how the lady of
fashion (Yuliana) had invited him to her house to see the document of vast
importance. Seated in an elegant apartment and speaking perfect French, the
lady informed him that she was in direct contact with the world beyond the grave
and proceeded to induct him into the mysteries of Theosophy… Finally, she initiated him into the mysteries of
the Protocols.” 41
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