Senin, 03 April 2017

Encyclopedia World Mind Control by Jim Keith Part 2





Chapter 3:
TAKING THE "PSYCHE"
OUT OF PSYCHOLOGY




Among  the  basic  studies  consulted  by  Rockefeller-funded scientists  and  others  interested  in  social  control  at  the beginning of this century  were those of the official Prussian state psychologist Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt, professor of psychology at  the  University  of  Heidelberg.  It's  fascinating  that  Wundt's grandfather  is  mentioned  in  the  Illuminati  Provincial  Report from  Utica  (Heidelberg)  of  September  1782,  as  being the member known as "Raphael." [1]


During  the  period  before  Wundt's  ascendancy  in  the  field, psychology  was  considered  to  be,  simply  enough,  the study  of the  soul  or  mind  (psyche).  Wundt  was  to  change  all  that, defining  and  propagandizing  for  the  materialistic  viewpoint  that would  disinform  the  work  of  successors  like  Pavlov, Skinner, and Watson.


Wundt  took  a  chair  in  philosophy  at  the  University  of  Leipzig in  1875,  establishing  the  world's  first  psychological  laboratory, creating  the  psychological  journal  Philosophical  Studies,  and redefining  psychology  for  this  century.  Wundt  stated  with characteristic  modesty,  "The  work  which  I  here  present  to  the public  is  an  attempt  to  mark  out  a  new  domain  in  science." Wundt was to remain at the University  of  Leipzig until his death in 1920.


Wundt's  doctrine  might  be  characterized  as  science  meets the  Hegelian  sturm  und  drang.  One  of  the  primary  under- pinnings  of  the  New  World  Order  is  that  its  strategy  for  world conquest  originates  in  the  philosophy  of  Hegel.  Hegel  was  a professor  of  philosophy  at  the  University  of  Berlin,  and  his works  formed  the  basis  for  both  Marxist  dialectical materialism and fascist Statism.


Hegel's  stated  belief  was  that  Man  is  subordinate  to  the  State, and  only  finds  fulfillment  in  obedience  to  the  diktats  of  the State.  As  he  said,  "The  State  is  the  absolute  reality  and  the ndividual  himself  has  objective  existence,  truth  and  morality only  in  his  capacity  as  a  member  of  the  State."  This  philosophy can  be  and  has  been  used  for  the  justification  of  any  number  of atrocities  committed  upon  the  human  race,  and  provides  an unexamined  sub-stratum  to  the  philosophies  of  many  politicians today.  If  only  the  omelette  (the  State)  is  important,  what  does  it matter  if  we  lose  a  few  million  eggs  (humans)  in  the  process  of cooking up the dish?


Hegel  was  the  originator  of  the  theory  of  the  "dialectic,"  the idea  that  conflict  determines  history.  According  to Hegel,  a force  (thesis)  dictates  its  own  opposing  force  (antithesis). These  forces  in  conflict  result  in  the  creation  of  a  third  force:  a synthesis.  Out  of  this  synthesis  the  process  begins again.  Marx later  revised  the  theory  of  the  dialectic,  insisting  that  only material  events  were  relevant,  and  that  the  dialectic  was inherent  in  matter,  thus  divorcing  the  idea  from  metaphysics,  at least to his own satisfaction.


From  the  theory  of  the  dialectic  comes  the  realization  that the  creation  of  conflicts  can  create  determined  outcomes,  or syntheses.  Those  who  promote  the  New  World  Order,  again  and again, are seen to be using the theory of the Hegelian dialectic to bring  it  about.  They  are  manipulating  events,  creating  conflicts, creating  wars,  and  destroying  the  lives  of  untold  millions  in  the bargain.  The  New  World  Order  is  the  desired  synthesis  of  the controlling forces operant in the world today.


Naturally,  the  Hegelian  system  goes  completely  against  the grain  of  most  people,  particularly  in  the  West,  who view  the individual  as  the  true  sovereign.  Thus  the  real  enemies  are  not America  vs.  the  Soviets,  or  the  political  Left  vs.  the  Right,  but those who would manipulate the yin and yang of history.To  return  to  Wundt:  Like  Marx,  he  maintained  that  unless  a thing  could  be  scientifically  quantified,  there  was no  point  in considering  it  or  including  it  as  a  factor  in  scientific investigation.  All  psychological  studies  should  be  based  upon physiology:  body  reactions.  Wundt  essentially  redefined psychological  studies  as  studies  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system, and  redefined  man  as  an  animal  without  a  soul,  thus legitimizing at  least  for  his  associates  and  their  employers  the treating  of man  as  such.  This,  no  doubt,  was  a  welcome  rationalization  for the controllers who could now happily slaughter whomever theypleased  without  fear  of  ultimate  spiritual  retribution  or accounting.


Wundt  said,  "it  truly  appears  to  be  a  useless  waste of  energy to  keep  returning  to  such  aimless  discussions  about the  nature of  the  psyche,  which  were  in  vogue  for  a  while,  and practically still  are,  instead,  rather,  of  applying  one's  energies  where  they will produce real results."


According  to  researcher  Paolo  Lionni,  "For  Wundt,  will  was the  direct  result  of  the  combination  of  perceived  stimuli,  not  an independent,  individual  intention  as  psychology  and philosophy had, with some notable exceptions, held up to that time."


Wundt's  rejection  of  the  intangibles  of  life,  such  as  soul, mind,  and  free  will,  have  influenced  psychiatry  and psychology up  to  the  present  day.  And  now  you  know  why  shrinks look  so weird  and  often  have  nervous  tics.  They  have  been  taught  that they do not have a soul. [2]


According  to  one  chronicler  of  the  history  of  psychology, after Wundt's theories became popular,"Naturally  Leipzig  became  the  Mecca  of  students  who wished to study the 'new' psychology—a psychology that wasno longer a branch  of  speculative  philosophy,  no  longer  a  fragment  of  the science  of  physiology,  but  a  novel  and  daring  and  exciting attempt  to  study  mental  processes  by  the  experimental  and quantitive  methods  common  to  all  science.  For  the  psychology of  Leipzig  was,  in  the  eighties  and  nineties,  the  newest  thing under  the  sun.  It  was  the  psychology  for  bold  young radicals who  believed  that  the  ways  of  the  mind  could  be  measured  and treated  experimentally—and  who  possibly  thought  of  themselves, in  their  private  reflections,  as  pioneers  on  the  newest  frontier  of science,  pushing  its  method  into  reaches  of  experience  that  it had  never  before  invaded.  At  any  rate  they  threw  themselves into  their  tasks  with  industry  and  zest.  They  became  trained introspectionists  and,  adding  introspection  to  the  resources  of the  physiological  laboratories,  they  attempted  the  minute analysis  of  sensation  and  perception.  They  measured reaction- times,  following  their  problems  into  numerous  and  widespread ramifications.  They  investigated  verbal  reactions,  thus extending  their  researches  into  the  field  of  association.  They measured  the  span  and  the  fluctuations  of  attention and  noted some  of  its  more  complex  features  in  the  'complication experiment,'  a  laboratory  method  patterned  after  the  situation that  gave  rise  to  the  astronomer's  problem  of  the  'personal equation.' In their studies of feeling and emotion they recorded pulse-rates,  breathing  rates,  and  fluctuations  in  muscular strength,  and  in  the  same  connection  they  developed methods of  recording  systematically  and  treating  statistically  the impressions  observed  by  introspection.  They  also  developed  the psychophysical  methods  and  in  addition  made  constant  use  of resources  of  the  physiological  laboratory.  And  throughout  all their  endeavors  they  were  dominated  by  the  conception  of  a psychology  that  should  be  scientific  as  opposed  to  speculative; always  they  attempted  to  rely  on  exact  observation, experimentation,  and  measurement.  Finally  when  they left Leipzig  and  worked  in  laboratories  of  their  own—chiefly  in American or German universities—most of them retained enough of  the  Leipzig  impress  to  teach  a  psychology  that,  whatever  the subsequent  development  of  the  individual's  thought, bore  traces of the system which was recognized at Leipzig as orthodox." [3]


The  essence  of  Wundt's  research  was  that  man  was  a machine,  albeit  a  soft  one.  Wundt  also  went  along  with  the Hegelian  axiom  that  man  was  simply  a  cog  in  the  greater machine  of  the  State.  Was  it  just  a  coincidence  that  Wundt  and his  cohorts,  funded  by  and  working  with  the  Prussian  military and  political  establishment,  provided  the  justification  for treating  humanity  as  individual  pieces  of  nearly  valueless machinery, to be tinkered with or destroyed at will?


Wundt,  along  with  other  Hegelians,  rejected  the  moral equation  in  dealing  with  mankind—thereby  putting  man  in  a  test tube—and  by  doing  so  opened  the  door  to  many  of  the atrocities that  followed  in  this  century,  including  the  horrors  of  mind control.  Another  mainstay  in  the  arsenal  of  elitist mind  control research  was  the  work  of  Ivan  Petrovich  Pavlov,  who studied physiology  at  Leipzig  in  1884,  five  years  after  Wundt  had  a laboratory  there,  and  first  worked  at  the  St.  Petersburg  Military Medical  Academy  in  Russia.  In  1906  Pavlov  cut  holes in  dogs' cheeks  and  inserted  tubes  to  measure  salivation.  A  bell  was  rung just before food was given to the dogs, and after aperiod of time it  was  observed  that  the  ringing  of  the  bell  alone  would  increase the rate of the dogs' salivation.


The  observation  that  responses  could  be  so  precisely conditioned  was  then  brainstormed  to  apply  to  the  mental processes  of  humans—and  Pavlov's  successors,  the  shrinks  and social  controllers,  have  continued  ringing  their  bells,  selectively keeping us drooling ever since. [4]


Shortly  after  Pavlov  was  driving  dogs  crazy  in  Russia,  John  B.  Watson at Johns Hopkins University—the Hegel hotbedfor the United  States—was  doing  the  same  thing  to  humans.  Watson, the  founder  of  what  is  known  as  the  behaviorist  school  of psychology—but  is  really  only  research  following  in the  dark shadow of Wundt—believed that complex forms of behavior could be  programmed  into  humans.  He  conducted  one  experiment  in which a young boy, "Little Albert," was given a white rat to play with. After the boy became accustomed to the rat, Watson would beat  on  the  floor  with  a  steel  bar  every  time  the  rat  was  brought in.  The  boy  was  understandably  terrified  by  such  lunatic behavior,  and  eventually  reacted  with  terror  every  time  the  rat was  given  to  him,  and  finally,  whenever  any  small  furry  animal was around him.


Dr.  Watson  himself  drooled  over  the  possibilities  of  this  kind of mechanical conditioning of human beings: "Give me the baby, and  I'll  make  it  climb  and  use  its  hands  in  constructing buildings  of  stone  or  wood...  I'll  make  it  a  thief, a  gunman  or  a dope  fiend.  The  possibilities  of  shaping  in  any  direction  are almost  endless...  Men  are  built,  not  born."  Watson  later  became a  highly  successful  advertising  executive,  although there  are  no records available of what happened to Little Albert. [5]


In  the  late  1930s,  Harvard  psychologist  Burrhus  Frederick (B.F.)  Skinner,  an  unapologetic  student  of  Wundt's  theories,  and a member of U.S. Army intelligence, fine-tuned  the  art of human control  into  what  he  termed  "operant  conditioning," becoming a  guru  to  generations  of  mind  shapers  that  followed.  His  simple (and  quite  familiar,  by  this  time)  notion  was  that  the reinforcement  of  a  repeated  negative  stimulus  (punishment)  orpositive stimulus (reward) formed the basis for learned behavior Skinner's  early  experiments  produced  pigeons  that  could dance,  do  figure  eights,  and  play  table  tennis.  His experiments did not stop with pigeons.


Skinner's  most  famous  invention,  aimed  at  producing a "socialized  child,"  was  the  environmentally  controlled  "Skinner box,"  a  crib-sized  container  into  which  he  put  scores  of children,  including  his  own.  His  ultimate  aim  was  not  only  to control  the  behavior  of  isolated  persons,  but  to  gain  insights  into how to control society as a whole. [6]


Skinner's  most  explicit  statement  of  his  philosophy, ultimately  one  of  world  control,  is  contained  in  his  book  Walden Two.  written  in  1948.  The  book  describes  a  perfect  communist utopia run along behaviorist lines.In  Walden  Two  society  is  run  by  Frazier,  a  straw  man designed to dramatize Skinner's beliefs about human conditioning.  Below  Frazier  in  the  pigeon-pecking  order  are  six Planners,  who  in  turn  run  Managers,  who  are  held  responsible for  the  "controlees"  who  perform  the  menial  tasks  of  daily  life. Members of the Walden Two society follow a puritanical "Code of Conduct," that applies to virtually every aspect ofday-to-day life, including  the  forbidding  of  midnight  snacks.  Education  is  a subset  of  "human  engineering,"  and  children  are  turned  over  to the  group  by  the  parents.  "Home  is  no  place  to  raise  children," drawls  Frazier,  his  philosophy  one  that  has  seemingly  been adopted by many current-day shrinks and social workers.


The  essence  of  Walden  Two  is  the  application  of  positive  and negative  reinforcement  to  create  a  smoothly  running state,  free of such unwanted encumbrances as crime and choice.Skinner  followed  up  his  vision  of  Walden  Two  in  1971,  with his  vastly  hyped  nonfiction  book  Beyond  Freedom  and Dignity, awarded  the  honor  of  being  the  most  important  book  of  the  year by  the  New  York  Times.  "What  is  needed  is  more  control,  not less," Skinner reminded us. [7]


It  may  be  revelatory  that  throughout  his  life,  Skinner  was interested  in  mechanical  contraptions,  even  working for  years on  a  perpetual  motion  machine.  His  view  of  the  composition  of human  beings  was  no  less  mechanical—a  vision  which characterizes  the  philosophies  of  most  psychiatrists  to  this  day.

This  atheist/materialistic  viewpoint,  again,  provides  a justification  for  the  atrocities  which  are  daily  committed  in  the name  of  science:  How  can  it  be  unethical  to  tinker  with,  or  even destroy a human, if in fact he is really only a machine? With  B.F.  Skinner,  the  philosophy  of  psychosocial  control  was finely  honed.  Although  many  psychologists  today  insist  that  the behaviorist's  vision  of  a  controlled  world  is  crude and  outdated, and  that  a  docile  society  cannot  be  engineered  by  science,  they protest  too  much.  The  behaviorist  doctrine—forecast by  Hegel, invented  by  Wundt,  and  fostered  by  a  legion  of  followers  in science and education—is firmly in place in the halls of academia and  in  the  offices  of  population-shaping  worldwide, and  are being  applied  at  every  level  of  society.  The  elite  could  not  be happier if the whole world was placed in a Skinner box.

NOTES:
1.   Sutton,  Antony  C.,  America's  Secret  Establishment,  (Liberty  House Press,  Billings,  Montana,  1986);  Lionni,  Paolo,  The Leipzig  Connection. (Sheridan, Oregon: Delphian Press, 1988)
2.  "Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich."  New  York:  Funk  &  Wagnalls  New Encyclopedia, 1973; Lionni
3.  Heidbreder,  Edna,  Seven  Psychologies.  (New  York:  D. Appleton- Century Company, Inc., 1933)
4.  Lionni;  Bowart,  Walter,  Operation  Mind  Control.  (New  York:  Dell Paperback,  1977);  "Pavlov,  Ivan  Petrovich,"  The  Encyclopedia  Americana,  (New York, Americana Corporation, 1963)
5.  Watson,  John  B.,  quoted  in  Bowart;  Packard,  Vance.  The  People Shapers. (New York: Little, Brown, 1977)
6.  Bowart;  Packard;  Judge,  John,  "The  Secret  Government,"  Dharma Combat number 10
7.  Packard;  Skinner,  B.F.,  Walden  Two.  (New  York:  Macmillan Company, 1962)








Chapter 4:
HEY TEACHER, LEAVE
THOSE KIDS ALONE!




One  of  the  major  world  arenas  in  which  Hegelian  philosophy and  the  materialistic  anti-psychology  of  Wundt  has  been  applied is that of education. In  1819  in  Prussia  the  first  compulsory  schooling  for children  was  instituted.  According  to  educator  John Taylor Gatto,  society  in  Prussia  was  divided  "into  children  who  will become  policy  makers;  children  who  will  become  assistants  to policy  makers  (the  engineers,  architects,  lawyers,  and  doctors); and the children who will be the vast, massed, used.


"Prussia  sets  up  a  three-tier  school  system,  in  which  one  half of  one  percent  of  the  population  is  taught  to  think.  They  go  to school  called  academie.  Five  and  a  half  percent  of  the population  go  to  Realschulen,  where  they  partially  learn  to think,  but  not  completely,  because  Prussia  believed their  defeat at  the  hands  of  Napoleon  was  caused  by  people  thinking  for themselves  at  times  of  stress  on  the  battlefield.  They  were going  to  see  to  it  that  scientifically  this  couldn't  happen.  The lowest  94%,  (that's  some  pyramid,  right?)  went  to  volkschulen, where  they  were  to  learn  harmony,  obedience,  freedom  from stressful  thinking,  how  to  follow  orders.  They  worked  out  a system  that  would  in  fact  guarantee  such  results.  In  the volkschulen,  it  was  to  divide  whole  ideas  (which  really simultaneously  participate  in  math,  science,  social thinking, language  and  art)  into  subjects  which  hardly  had  existed  before, to  divide  the  subjects  further  into  units;  to  divide  the  time  into small  enough  units  of  time.  With  enough  variations  in  the  course of a day, no one would know what was going on." [1]


In  the  middle  of  the  last  century  a  member  of  the  secret Skull and Bones society, following in the Prussian tradition, setin  motion  an  American  educational  revolution  that  has  subverted the  entire  system  toward  the  goals  of  the  New  World Order.


That  man  was  Daniel  Coit  Gilman,  first  president  of Johns Hopkins  University  and  of  the  Carnegie  Institution. Gilman studied  Hegelian  philosophy  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1854- 55.  Also  at  the  University  of  Berlin  during  this  time  was  the earlier  mentioned  Wilhelm  Wundt,  who  was  key  in  applying Hegelian-styled psychology to the world.


Gilman  came  from  a  family  of  Bonesmen  and,  after  hereturned  from  Germany,  in  1856  became  treasurer  of  Skull  and Bones.  Simultaneously,  Gilman  became  assistant  librarian  at Yale,  and  was  appointed  to  the  position  of  head  librarian  two years later. During  the  same  period  Skull  and  Bones  covertly  took  over the  administration  of  Yale  University,  with  the  presidency  of  the school  from  that  period  forward  turned  over  to  a  succession  of illuminized  Bonesmen.  According  to  The  Iconoclast  (October 13, 1873),
"They  have  obtained  control  of  Yale.  Its  business  is performed  by  them.  Money  paid  to  the  college  must  pass  into their  hands,  and  be  subject  to  their  will.  No  doubt they  are worthy  men  in  themselves,  but  the  many  whom  they  looked down  upon  while  in  college,  cannot  so  far  forget  as to  give money  freely  into  their  hands.  Men  in  Wall  Street  complain  that the  college  comes  straight  to  them  for  help,  instead  of  asking each  graduate  for  his  share.  The  reason  is  found  in a  remark made by one of Yale's and America's first men: 'Fewwill give but Bones men, and they  care far more for their societythan they do for  the  college.'  The  Woolsey  Fund  has  but  a  struggling existence,  for  kindred  reasons...  Here,  then,  appears  the  true reason  for  Yale's  poverty.  She  is  controlled  by  a  few  men  who shut  themselves  off  from  others,  and  assume  to  be  their superiors..."


Gilman  met  with  Frederick  T.  Gates,  who  ran  Rockefeller's foundations,  and  he  implored  him  to  set  up  the  Southern Educational  Board,  merging  the  Slater  and  Peabody  funds. Gilman  called  the  foundation  the  General  Education Board—signaling  his  intentions.  The  organization  was  later renamed The Rockefeller Foundation. [2]


Gilman  was  the  first  president  of  Johns  Hopkins  University, and  he  carefully  chose  for  the  faculty  members  from the  Skull and  Bones  and  other  groups  of  the  Hegelian  stripe.  Among those was G. Stanley Hall, the first of Wundt's American students to make a mark. Hall's training in Leipzig was paidfor by a loan from a member of Scroll & Key, sister society to Skull and Bones at  Yale.  In  Leipzig,  Hall  immersed  himself  in  Hegelian-inspired psychological  studies  taught  by  materialist  psychologists  like Hartmann,  Helmholtz,  and  his  greatest  influence,  Wundt. Returning  to  America  in  1883,  he  took  over  the  psychological laboratory  at  the  new  Johns  Hopkins,  and  started  the  American Psychological  Association  and  the  American  Journal  of Psychology.


According  to  Hall,  "The  psychology  I  taught  was  almost entirely  experimental  and  covered  for  the  most  part the material  that  Wundt  had  set  forth  in  the  later  and  larger  edition of Physiological Psychology." [3]


In  1889  Hall  was  chosen  as  the  first  president  of  the  newly established  Clark  University  in  Worcester,  Massachusetts.  Hall was the mentor of one of the most influential namesin American education of this century: John Dewey.


Dewey  studied  under  Hall  at  Johns  Hopkins,  moving  on  to teach  at  the  universities  of  Michigan  and  Minnesota.  Another major  influence  upon  Dewey  was  the  Hegelian  philosopher George  Sylvester  Morris,  who  had  received  his  doctorate  from the  University  of  Berlin.  According  to  Dewey,  echoing  the sentiments of his Prussian mentors,"There  is  no  god,  and  there  is  no  soul.  There  are  no  needs for the props of traditional religion.


"With  dogma  and  creed  excluded,  then  immutable  truth  is also dead and buried."There  is  no  room  for  fixed,  natural  law  or  permanent  moral absolutes." [4]


Dewey  published  the  first  American  textbook  on  Hegelian philosophy  as  applied  to  the  Wundtian  psychological innovations in  his  book  Psychology.  In  1895  he  joined  the  faculty  at  the Rockefeller-funded  University  of  Chicago,  heading  the philosophy,  psychology,  and  teaching  departments,  and establishing  an  education  laboratory  called  the  Dewey  School, later  known  as  the  Laboratory  School  of  the  University  of Chicago.


Dewey  followed  the  Wundtian  example  in  his  insistence  that education  was  not  the  teaching  of  mental  skills  such  as  reading and  writing,  but  in  the  channeling  of  raw  experiences  to  the evolving  mind  of  the  child;  a  sort  of  psychic  Skinner's  box version  of  education.  The  traditional  role  of  the  teacher  as  educator was replaced by the teacher as shrink,  socializer, eugenicist and herald of the coming world superstate.


Dewey  believed  that  the  purpose  of  public  schools  was  to "take  an  active  part  in  determining  the  social  order  of  the future...  according  as  the  teachers  align  themselves  with  the newer forces making for social control of economic forces." [5]


Dewey  also  remarked  that  "The  school  is  primarily  a social institution.  Education  being  a  social  process,  the  school  is simply  that  form  of  community  life  in  which  all  those  agencies are  concentrated  that  will  be  most  effective  in  bringing  the  child to  share  in  the  inherited  resources  of  the  race,  and  to  use  his own  powers  for  social  ends.  Education,  therefore,  is  a  process of living and not a preparation for future living."[6] For  Dewey,  the  issue  was  always  how  the  child  related  to  the State, rather than how the State related to the child.


Another  student  of  Wundt,  who  was  to  prove  to  be  perhaps the  most  successful  popularizer  of  the  new  psychology  that abolished  the  psyche,  was  James  McKeen  Cattell.  Cattell  was Wundt's  assistant  in  Leipzig  in  the  years  1883-86,  receiving  his Ph.D.  from  the  grand  old  man  in  1886.  Lecturing  in  Cambridge in  1887,  Cattell  met  and  was  converted  to  Social  Darwinism  by Darwin's  cousin,  the  English  psychologist  Francis  Galton,  the man  responsible  for  the  popularization  at  the  beginning  of  this century of the science of eugenics and selective breeding.


In  1887  Cattell  established  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  a psychological laboratory of the Wundtian mold, thenmoved on in 1891  to  head  the  new  psychology  department  at  Columbia University.  Cattell  was  tremendously  influential  in disseminating the  new  overtly  materialistic  psychology,  and  did  so  by establishing  a  host  of  magazines,  including  The  Psychological Review,  Science,  Scientific  Monthly,  and  School  and Society. He  also  published  reference  works  including  American  Men  of Science,  Leaders  in  Education,  and  The  Directory  of American Scholars,  an  effective  strategy  for  screwing  Wundtian-school psychologists into the mainstream of American thought.


Another  of  Cattell's  questionable  feats  was  the  abolition  of  the use  of  phonics  methods  for  teaching  reading.  Cattell  popularized the  "Look-Say"  method  of  teaching  reading,  a  technique  that according  to  some  sources  had  been  invented  by  Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet for teaching the deaf. Although Gallaudet was not a member of Skull and Bones, two of his sons attended  Yale and were initiated into the secret society.


Following  upon  the  insight  of  Gallaudet  in  teaching the  deaf, Cattell came to the conclusion that the direct memorization of words  would  increase  literacy  if  applied  to  normal  students. Experience  in  subsequent  years  has  not  proven  this  to  be  the case,  obviously,  and  one  byproduct  of  Cattell's  advocacy  of  the "Look-Say"  theory  is  that  as  we  approach  the  21st  century millions of American adults cannot read or write atall.


The  whole  story  about  Gallaudet  may  in  fact  be  a  sanitization of  what  actually  happened.  Educator  John  Taylor  Gatto attributes  the  "Look-Say"  method  to  the  Prussian  system  of schooling,  where  this  system  of  not-teaching-reading  was  used essentially  to  disadvantage  all  but  the  privileged  class.  Gatto says,  "So  they  figured  out  that  by  replacing  the  alphabet  system of  teaching  reading  we  teach  sounds.  (The  Prussian  System  was a  whole  sentence  system,  rather  than  a  whole  word  system.  You memorize  whole  sentences.)  If  they  could  get  the  kids  and  keep them  from  reading  well  for  the  first  six  and  seven  years,  then  it didn't  matter  after  that.  They  had  broken  the  link  between printed information." [7]


Possibly  the  most  effective  Trojan  horse  for  injecting  the Wundtian  theory  of  man-as-machine  into  the  American educational  establishment  was  an  individual,  James  Earl  Russell, who  studied  under  and  received  his  doctorate  from  Wundt  in 1894.  Russell  became  dean  of  the  New  York  College  for  the Training  of  Teachers,  which  he  would  run  for  thirty years  while heavily  weighting  its  faculty  with  practitioners  of the  Wundtian school,  at  the  same  time  turning  it  into  the  largest  institution for the training of teachers in the country.


Another  luminary  in  the  shrink-wrapping  of  American education  was  Edward  Lee  Thorndike,  who  studied  with Wundtians  Armstrong  and  Judd  at  Wesleyan  University,  graduating  in  1895.  Thorndike  moved  on  to  Columbia  University, where  he  specialized  in  studying  animals  in  "puzzle box"  mazes, finally finding his niche at Teachers College underRussell.


According  to  Thorndike,  teaching  was  "The  art  of  giving  and withholding  stimuli  with  the  result  of  producing  or preventing certain  responses.  In  this  definition  the  term  stimulus  is  used widely  for  any  event  which  influences  a  person,—for a  word spoken  to  him,  a  look,  a  sentence  which  he  reads,  the  air  he breathes,  etc.  etc.  The  term  response  is  used  for  any  reaction made by  him, —anew thought,  a feeling of interest,  a bodily  act, any  mental  or  bodily  condition  resulting  from  the  stimulus.  The aim  of  the  teacher  is  to  produce  desirable  and  prevent undesirable  changes  in  human  beings  by  producing  and preventing certain responses. The means at the disposal of the teacher  are  the  stimuli  which  can  be  brought  to  bear  upon  the pupil,  —the  teacher's  words,  gestures,  and  appearance,  the condition  and  appliances  of  the  school  room,  the  books  to  be used, and objects to be seen, and so on through a long list of the things and events which the teacher can control." [8]


Thorndike further stated, "Studies  of  the  capacities  and  interests  of  young  children indicate  the  advisability  of  placing  little  emphasis  before  the  age of  six  upon  either  the  acquisition  of  those  intellectual  resources known  as  the  formal  tools  —reading,  spelling,  arithmetic, writing, etc. —or upon abstract intellectual analysis...


"Despite  rapid  progress  in  the  right  direction  the  program  of the  average  elementary  school  is  too  narrow  and  academic  in character.  Traditionally  the  elementary  school  has  been primarily  devoted  to  teaching  the  fundamental  subjects,  the three  R's,  and  closely  related  disciplines...  Artificial  exercises, like  drills  on  phonetics,  multiplication  tables,  and  formal  writing movements,  are  used  to  a  wasteful  degree.  Subjects  such  as arithmetic,  language,  and  history  include  content  that  is intrinsically  of  little  value.  Nearly  every  subject is  enlarged unwisely  to  satisfy  the  academic  ideal  of  thoroughness.  That  the typical  school  overemphasizes  instruction  in  these  formal, academic  skills  as  a  means  of  fostering  intellectual  resources...  is a  justifiable  criticism...  Elimination  of  unessentials  by  scientific study, then, is one step in improving the curriculum." [9]


The  emphasis  by  Thorndike  and  his  fellows  on  the "socialization"  of  the  student—in  fact  the  subjugation  of  the student  to  the  social  order—as  opposed  to  the  teaching  of specific  skills,  is  another  factor  that  has  led  to  a  general breakdown  of  literacy  in  the  United  States,  while  at  the  same time  providing  no  noticeable  increase  in  the  ability  to socialize—in fact, obviously the contrary.Thorndike  believed  that,  "Education  is  interested  primarily in  the  general  interrelation  of  man  and  his  environment,  in  all the  changes  which  make  possible  a  better  adjustment of  human nature to its surroundings."


This  is  another  important  aspect  of  Thorndike's  and all  of  the other  latter-day  Wundtians'  philosophies.  Man  is  an animal  who must  adapt  to  the  environment,  that  is,  the  social  system  and political  regime,  rather  than  adapting  the  environment  to  his own  vision.  Man  is  to  be  conditioned  to  accept  the circumstances  that  he  finds  himself  in,  not  learn  to  change them. Again, the controlling elite haveno qualms about changing  society  or  the  environment  to  conform  to  their  own whims—even  if  it  takes  'dozing  a  rainforest—it  is  only  the rebellious  public-schooled  who  must  have  the  devastating  defect of  individuality  brainwashed  out  of  them.  The  socialization  tech-niques used by the Wundtians create robots, not sociable people.


Working  out  of  the  Teachers  College  at  Columbia  University  and  the  later-established  Lincoln  School,  and  dependent  upon  a steady  infusion  of  Rockefeller  money,  the  major  lights  in  the field  of  Wundtian  psychology,  including  Thorndike,  Cattell, Russell,  and  Dewey,  kick-started  "educational"  psychology, remaking  the  face  of  American  schooling.  And  many  of  these disciples  of  Wundt  were  very  straightforward  in  proclaiming  that the purpose of educational psychology was the creation of a New World Order.


By  the  1950s  the  Teachers  College  was  indisputably  the  most powerful  force  in  education  in  America,  with  approximately  one third  of  all  school  presidents  and  deans,  and  one  fourth  of  all American  teachers  accredited  there.  It  must  have  been reassuring  to  the  Rockefellers  and  their  ilk  to  see that materialistic  psychology  and  education  had  won,  and was  now accepted as the norm in American school systems.


NOTES:
1.   Gatto,  John  Taylor,  "Origins  &  History  of  American  Compulsory Schooling,"  an  interview  conducted  by  Jim  Martin,  Flatland  magazine  number 11
2.  Sutton,  Antony  C.,  America's  Secret  Establishment.  (Billings, Montana:  Liberty  House  Press,  1986);  Mullins,  Eustace,  The  Curse  of  Canaan. (Staunton, Virginia: Revelation Books, 1987)
3.  Hall, G. Stanley, Cited in Sutton
4.  Dewey,  John.  Cited  in  Ralph  A.  Epperson.  The  New  World  Order. (Tucson, Arizona: Publius Press, 1990)
5.  Lionni;  Sutton;  Dewey,  John.  Quoted  in  Allen,  Gary, "Hands  off  our Children!," American Opinion, volume XVIII, No. 9, October, 1975
6.  Dewey, John, My Pedagogic Creed, cited in Sutton
7.  Gatto
8.  Thorndike,  Edward  L.,  The  Principles  of  Teaching Based  on Psychology. (New York: A.G. Seiler, 1925)
9.  Thorndike,  Edward  L.,  and  Arthur  I.  Gates,  Elementary Principles  of Education. (New York: Macmillan, 1929)




CONTINUE.....

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